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Bacterial toxin–antitoxin (TA) systems, which are ubiquitously present in bacterial genomes, are not essential for normal cell proliferation. The TA systems regulate fundamental cellular processes, facilitate survival under stress conditions, have essential roles in virulence and represent potential therapeutic targets. These genetic TA loci are also shown to be involved in the maintenance of successful multidrug-resistant mobile genetic elements. The TA systems are classified as types I to VI, according to the nature of the antitoxin and to the mode of toxin inhibition. Type II TA systems encode a labile antitoxin and its stable toxin; degradation of the antitoxin renders a free toxin, which is bacteriostatic by nature. A free toxin generates a reversible state with low metabolic activity (quiescence) by affecting important functions of bacterial cells such as transcription, translation, DNA replication, replication and cell-wall synthesis, biofilm formation, phage predation, the regulation of nucleotide pool, etc., whereas antitoxins are toxin inhibitors. Under stress conditions, the TA systems might form networks. To understand the basis of the unique response of TA systems to stress, the prime causes of the emergence of drug-resistant strains, and their contribution to therapy failure and the development of chronic and recurrent infections, must be known in order to grasp how TA systems contribute to the mechanisms of phenotypic heterogeneity and pathogenesis that will enable the rational development of new treatments for infections caused by pathogens.

tuberculosis --- toxin-antitoxin systems --- bacterial cell death --- NAD+ --- stress-response --- toxin–antitoxin system --- mazF --- type II --- toxin --- mRNA interferase --- X-ray crystallography --- cognate interactions --- cross-interactions --- molecular insulation --- antitoxin --- TA systems --- addiction --- anti-addiction --- type I toxin–antitoxin system --- small protein toxin structure --- Fst/Ldr family --- toxin–antitoxin --- M. tuberculosis --- bacteria --- pathogenesis --- protein–protein interactions --- cross-talk --- protein interface --- tolerance --- persistence --- cross-resistance --- toxin-antitoxin system --- PemI/PemK --- Klebsiella pneumoniae --- toxin–antitoxin systems --- toxin activation --- antibacterial agents --- bacterial persistence --- Stenotrophomonas maltophilia --- opportunistic pathogen --- clinical origin --- environmental origin --- biofilm --- antibiotic resistance --- cell wall inhibition --- nucleotide hydrolysis --- uridine diphosphate-N-acetylglucosamine --- n/a --- type I toxin-antitoxin system --- toxin-antitoxin --- protein-protein interactions

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This reprint presents some recent results from applying original analytical methods to the most renowned hive matrices. Particular consideration was given to methods devoted to the attribution of the origin of honey and propolis, but also studies dealing with the chemical characterization of honey and other hive matrices are here reported. Attention has also been paid to the use of optimized methods of elemental analysis in several hive products for quality and safety purposes, but also for environmental biomonitoring. The treatment of the data was often achieved through multivariate analysis methods, which made it possible to obtain reliable classifications of honeys and propolis according to their botanic or geographical origin.

propolis --- poplar --- HPLC–Q-Exactive-Orbitrap®–MS analysis --- phenolic glycerides --- essential and non-essential nutrients --- nucleosides --- honey composition --- uridine --- neuropharmacological activities --- filtered honey --- botanical origin --- fluorescence spectrometry --- antioxidant activity --- spectrum–effect relationships --- cluster analysis --- principal component analysis --- multiple linear regression analysis --- sample preparation --- trace element --- toxic element --- spectroanalytical technique --- biomonitoring --- bee pollen --- ascorbic acid --- total ascorbic acids --- dehydroascorbic acid --- HILIC --- honey discrimination --- strawberry-tree --- thistle --- eucalyptus --- asphodel --- attenuated total reflectance --- Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy --- bee products --- multielemental analysis --- ICP-MS --- ICP-OES --- inorganic contaminants --- heavy metals --- honey --- quality standards --- protein --- amylase --- acid phosphatase --- native PAGE --- royal jelly --- proteins --- ProteoMinerTM --- MALDI-TOF-MS --- proteomics --- beehive product --- unedone --- bitter taste --- strawberry tree honey --- LC-ESI/LTQ-Orbitrap-MS --- PCA --- PLS --- aroma composition --- sugar content --- QDA profile --- HMF --- furanic aldehydes --- furanic acids --- homogentisic acid --- cyclic voltammetry --- square wave voltammetry --- RP-HPLC --- bees --- beehive products --- cold vapor atomic fluorescence spectrometry --- toxic metal --- trace elements --- toxic elements --- geographical origin --- strawberry tree

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Transcriptional regulation is a critical biological process involved in the response of a cell, a tissue or an organism to a variety of intra- and extra-cellular signals. Besides, it controls the establishment and maintenance of cell identity throughout developmental and differentiation programs. This highly complex and dynamic process is orchestrated by a huge number of molecules and protein networks and occurs through multiple temporal and functional steps. Of note, many human disorders are characterized by misregulation of global transcription since most of the signaling pathways ultimately target components of transcription machinery. This book includes a selection of papers that illustrate recent advances in our understanding of transcriptional regulation and focuses on many important topics, from cis-regulatory elements to transcription factors, chromatin regulators and non-coding RNAs, other than several transcriptome studies and computational analyses.

transcription factor --- n/a --- transcription --- self-incompatibility --- cytogenetics --- epigenetics --- selenocysteine --- tea --- AP-2? --- nonsense-mediated decay --- transcriptomics --- Akt1 --- promoter --- cell metabolism --- pediveliger larvae --- Patau Syndrome --- tristetraprolin (TTP) --- long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) --- pregnancy --- G-quadruplex --- glioblastoma --- placenta --- PRDM gene family --- circRNA-disease associations --- bioadhesive --- gene expression --- Crassostrea gigas --- transcription regulation --- cell differentiation --- RNA interference --- transcriptome --- inflammatory response --- FOXO1 --- Adiponectin --- liquid chromatograph-tandem mass spectrometer (LC-MS/MS) --- selenium --- selenocysteine insertion sequence --- inflammation --- selenoproteins --- research methods --- nutritional status --- structures and functions --- CRISPR/Cas9 --- fertilization --- melanin --- differentially expressed genes --- tyrosinase --- posttranscriptional regulation --- major depressive disorder --- human malignancies --- pathway --- CDKN1C --- transcription factors --- p57Kip2 --- enhancer activity --- mouse --- disorders --- high-throughput RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) --- TCGA data analysis --- RNA-seq --- heterogeneous network --- insect --- and drug design --- therapeutic targets --- mechanisms --- obesity --- Pacific oyster --- Rsh regulon --- common pathway --- Pax3 --- somatic mutations --- nutrition --- molecular docking --- bioinformatics --- interactome --- long non-coding RNAs --- transcriptional regulation --- Pteria penguin (Röding --- Adiponectin receptors --- transcriptome profiling --- 1798) --- N-acyl-l-homoserine lactone --- ppGpp --- tumorigenesis --- sphingomonads --- human --- disease --- adenosine and uridine-rich elements (AREs) --- progress and prospects --- miR-25-3p --- acute leukemia --- Novosphingobium pentaromativorans US6-1 --- microscopy --- cancer --- molecular pathways --- causal inference --- Pteria penguin (Röding