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Long-term exposure to environmental toxicants is estimated to account for 70–90% of the risks of acquiring chronic ailments. Presently, chronic kidney disease and infertility affect a significant proportion of the world population, while research data indicate that exposure to toxic metals may contribute to the looming statistics. Alarming evidence suggests that exposure to the heavy metal cadmium may affect every stage of life, and exposure in early life may determine susceptibility to certain diseases in adulthood. Prevention of these outcomes requires avoidance of further environmental contamination, minimization of exposure, and reduction of toxic metals in food crops to the lowest achievable levels.

Trace elements --- hair --- children --- hazardous waste incinerator --- Constantí (Catalonia, Spain) --- blood lead level --- boatyard --- childhood --- lead poisoning --- fishing community --- lead weights --- β2-microglobulin --- cadmium --- creatinine clearance --- glomerular filtration --- N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase --- nephron mass --- nephrotoxicity --- trace elements --- autopsy tissues --- temporal trends --- creatinine excretion --- glomerular filtration rate --- lead --- kidney --- endocytosis --- metallothionein --- flow cytometry --- proximal tubule epithelial cells --- OGTT --- minimal model --- glucose response mechanism --- genotoxicity --- aluminum chloride --- rats --- food --- farmer --- PTWI (provisional tolerable monthly intake) --- TWI (tolerable weekly intake) --- Monte Carlo simulation --- mercury --- obesogen --- lipid profiles --- hyperlipidemia --- elevated liver enzymes --- hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] --- mitochondrial fragmentation --- dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) --- mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I (MRCC I) --- reactive oxygen species (ROS) --- blood lead --- cellular immunity --- phagocytosis --- humoral munity --- immunosuppression --- insulin --- diabetes --- hyperglycemia --- hyperinsulinemia --- lipogenic --- β-cell toxicity --- stroke --- cerebrovascular accident --- heavy metal --- rare earth element --- case-control study --- mortality --- lifetime cadmium intake --- renal diseases --- urinary cadmium --- a follow-up study --- diet --- kidney function --- chronic kidney disease --- threshold limit --- tolerable intake level --- heavy metals --- birth weight --- preterm birth --- diet pattern --- Mediterranean diet --- pregnancy --- toxic metals --- reproduction --- testicular and ovarian structure --- n/a --- Constantí (Catalonia, Spain)