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Infrared (IR) technologies—from Herschel’s initial experiment in the 1800s to thermal detector development in the 1900s, followed by defense-focused developments using HgCdTe—have now incorporated a myriad of novel materials for a wide variety of applications in numerous high-impact fields. These include astronomy applications; composition identifications; toxic gas and explosive detection; medical diagnostics; and industrial, commercial, imaging, and security applications. Various types of semiconductor-based (including quantum well, dot, ring, wire, dot in well, hetero and/or homo junction, Type II super lattice, and Schottky) IR (photon) detectors, based on various materials (type IV, III-V, and II-VI), have been developed to satisfy these needs. Currently, room temperature detectors operating over a wide wavelength range from near IR to terahertz are available in various forms, including focal plane array cameras. Recent advances include performance enhancements by using surface Plasmon and ultrafast, high-sensitivity 2D materials for infrared sensing. Specialized detectors with features such as multiband, selectable wavelength, polarization sensitive, high operating temperature, and high performance (including but not limited to very low dark currents) are also being developed. This Special Issue highlights advances in these various types of infrared detectors based on various material systems.

microbolometer --- infrared sensor --- complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) --- high sensitivity --- temperature sensor --- microresonator --- MEMS --- clamped–clamped beam --- thermal detector --- Infrared detector --- strained layer superlattice --- InAs/InAsSb --- absorption coefficient --- barrier detector --- high operating temperature --- manganite --- heterostructure --- photodetector --- heterostructures --- split-off band --- wavelength extension --- device performance --- ultrasound transducer --- photoacoustic imaging --- piezoelectric --- micromachined --- CMUT --- PMUT --- optical ultrasound detection --- type-II superlattice --- infrared detector --- mid-wavelength infrared (MWIR) --- unipolar barrier --- InAs/GaSb --- T2SL --- IR --- TE-cooled --- spectroscopy --- RoHS --- MCT --- n/a --- clamped-clamped beam

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Sensors are the eyes, ears, and more, of the modern engineered product or system--including the living human organism. This book offers a comprehensive review of biomedical sensors and their associated instrumentation systems now commonly used in modern medicine. Readers will find invaluable data and guidance on a wide variety of sensors used in biomedical applications, from fluid flow sensors, to ultrasound sensors, to chemical analysis sensors. New developments in biomaterials-based sensors that mimic natural biosystems will be covered as well, and the reader will find ample references throughout for further reading and research. Biomedical engineers, medical physicists, electrical engineers, and medical professionals will find state-of-the-art information on: Temperature sensors; Flow sensors for gases and liquids; Ultrasound sensors and chemical sensors for biomedical use; Sensors for both ionizing and nonionizing radiation; New developments in enzyme-based sensors, immune sensors, and microorganism-based sensors.

Biosensors. --- Biosensing Techniques. --- Biosensing Technics --- Bioprobes --- Biosensors --- Electrodes, Enzyme --- Bioprobe --- Biosensing Technic --- Biosensing Technique --- Biosensor --- Electrode, Enzyme --- Enzyme Electrode --- Enzyme Electrodes --- Technic, Biosensing --- Technics, Biosensing --- Technique, Biosensing --- Techniques, Biosensing --- Wearable Electronic Devices --- Microchemistry --- Biodetectors --- Biological detectors --- Biological sensors --- Biomedical detectors --- Biomedical sensors --- Detectors --- Medical instruments and apparatus --- Physiological apparatus --- Temperature sensor technology --- Flow sensors for liquids --- Flow sensors for respiratory gases --- Biomedical sensors of ionizing radiation --- Nonionizing electromagnetic radiation --- Sensors for radiometric and photometric measurements --- Medical ultrasound sensors --- Chemical sensors for biomedical applications --- Sensors for medical thermography and infrared radiation measurements

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Micro and nano-electro-mechanical system (M/NEMS) devices constitute key technological building blocks to enable increased additional functionalities within Integrated Circuits (ICs) in the More-Than-Moore era, as described in the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors. The CMOS ICs and M/NEMS dies can be combined in the same package (SiP), or integrated within a single chip (SoC). In the SoC approach the M/NEMS devices are monolithically integrated together with CMOS circuitry allowing the development of compact and low-cost CMOS-M/NEMS devices for multiple applications (physical sensors, chemical sensors, biosensors, actuators, energy actuators, filters, mechanical relays, and others). On-chip CMOS electronics integration can overcome limitations related to the extremely low-level signals in sub-micrometer and nanometer scale electromechanical transducers enabling novel breakthrough applications. This Special Issue aims to gather high quality research contributions dealing with MEMS and NEMS devices monolithically integrated with CMOS, independently of the final application and fabrication approach adopted (MEMS-first, interleaved MEMS, MEMS-last or others).]

encapsulation --- n/a --- NEM memory switch --- magnetotransistor --- gas sensor --- nano-system array --- metal oxide (MOX) sensor --- capacitive pressure sensor --- real-time temperature compensation loop --- mechanical relays --- single-crystal silicon (SC-Si) --- MEMS relays --- MEMS --- oscillator --- micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) --- uncooled IR-bolometer --- microelectromechanical systems --- microbolometer --- programmable sustaining amplifier --- micro sensor --- CMOS-MEMS --- pierce oscillator --- MEMS resonators --- micro/nanoelectromechanical systems (MEMS/NEMS) --- resonator --- microhotplate --- NEMS --- application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) --- MEMS modelling --- magnetic field --- chopper instrumentation amplifier --- microresonators --- interface circuit --- Hall effect --- thermal detector --- temperature sensor --- infrared sensor --- CMOS–NEMS --- CMOS --- atomic force microscope --- MEMS switches --- stent --- micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) sensors --- nano resonator --- silicon-on-insulator (SOI) --- MEMS-ASIC integration --- Sigma-Delta --- MEMS characterization --- high-Q capacitive accelerometer --- mass sensors --- M3D --- CMOS-NEMS

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Developments in the science and technology of textiles are not only limited to apparel and fashion. Certainly, there are research efforts aimed at improving the construction and processing of textiles for clothing—such as studies on cleaner production to reduce environmental impact, increasing the utilization of fibers and process chemicals from renewable resources, and on the recycling of materials from post-consumer waste apparel back into the manufacturing of new clothing articles. In addition, technological concepts developed for the creation of clothing over the centuries are now being investigated for use in a diverse array of fields—such as in the manufacture of engineering composites, personal protective equipment, and medicine. Further, developments in other fields—such as electronics, nanotechnology, and information and communication technologies—are being investigated for their incorporation into apparel and clothing to create “smart textiles”. The aim of this Special Issue is to put together a collection of scientific reports on such efforts to highlight the range of scientific and technological issues that are being targeted and the ingenuity of the methodologies employed to find answers. It is hoped that readers of this issue will come away with an appreciation of the research being conducted in this area, and perhaps gain inspiration for their own scientific endeavors.

Polyimide fiber --- thermal stability --- swelling agent --- dyeability --- carbon textile reinforced mortar --- uniaxial tensile tests --- debonding failure --- steel fibers --- prestress --- multi-cracking pattern --- polyacrylonitrile --- polyaniline --- conductive fibers --- flax fiber-reinforced composite --- strain rate effect --- Johnson–Cook model --- lattice structure --- failure mechanism --- textiles --- composite preforming --- mechanical properties --- shear behavior --- surface analysis --- picture frame test --- kinematic draping simulation --- textile --- PET --- biomaterials --- iPS-cells --- cardiomyocytes --- maturation --- gene expression --- electronic textiles --- AMOLED --- OTFTs --- OLEDs --- textile displays --- organic thin film --- graft polymerization --- surface modification --- hydrogels --- gamma irradiation --- silver nanoparticles --- antibacterial activity --- temperature sensor --- conductivity --- coatings --- deposition --- thermocouple --- material characterization --- smart clothing --- temperature sensing --- wearable technology --- nanomaterials --- environmental impacts --- toxicity --- health and safety --- conductive fibres --- cellulose fibres --- pressure sensor --- smart textiles --- viscose fibres --- carbon black --- biocementation --- MICP --- jute fibres --- unconfined compressive strength --- urea hydrolysis --- sustainable geotechnics --- self-healing --- n/a --- Johnson-Cook model

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The scope of this Special Issue is to collect some of the contributions to the First International Electronic Conference on Biosensors, which was held to bring together well-known experts currently working in biosensor technologies from around the globe, and to provide an online forum for presenting and discussing new results. The world of biosensors is definitively a versatile and universally applicable one, as demonstrated by the wide range of topics which were addressed at the Conference, such as: bioengineered and biomimetic receptors; microfluidics for biosensing; biosensors for emergency situations; nanotechnologies and nanomaterials for biosensors; intra- and extracellular biosensing; and advanced applications in clinical, environmental, food safety, and cultural heritage fields.

Listeria monocytogenes --- cell-based biosensor --- bioelectric recognition assay --- membrane-engineering --- lateral flow immunoassay --- antibiotics --- lincomycin --- gold nanoparticles --- quantum dots --- surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy --- Fumonsin B1 --- aptamers --- UV/VIS spectroscopy --- asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation --- porous silicon membrane --- bacterial detection --- selective lysis --- endolysins --- lysostaphin --- flow-through --- vibrational spectra --- molecular dynamics --- nucleotides --- Au nanoparticle --- SERS --- space biology --- deep space --- biosensors --- space radiation --- microgravity --- CubeSats --- 2D Ti3C2 MXene --- PGE2 --- 8-HOA --- lung cancer --- electrochemical --- DNA biosensors --- KRAS --- liquid biopsy --- cancer point-of-care diagnostic tests --- paper-based sensors --- nitrocellulose --- impedance measurements --- dielectric properties --- parallel-plate electrodes --- interdigital electrodes --- Bacillus thuringiensis --- sensor --- combined slot antenna --- diabetes --- dielectric permeability --- electromagnetic fields --- glucose concentration --- near-field sensor --- non-invasive measurements --- microwave sounding --- chymotrypsin --- β-casein --- nanoparticles --- UV-vis spectroscopy --- dynamic light scattering --- quartz crystal microbalance --- biologically inspired --- electronic eye --- optical methods --- RGB analysis --- tequila --- molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) --- surface plasmon resonance (SPR) --- plastic optical fiber (POF) --- 2-furaldheide (2-FAL) --- beverages --- optical chemical sensors --- biosensor --- immunosensor --- cardiac troponin I --- single-strand DNA --- electrochemical impedance spectroscopy --- label-free --- proteins --- microfluidic chip --- self-assembled monolayers --- odor sensor --- market analysis --- technology assessment --- application field --- performance profile --- requirement profile --- biointelligence --- biological transformation --- temperature sensor --- Raman spectroscopy --- anti-Stokes/Stokes spectra --- titanium dioxide --- trypsin --- AuNPs --- acoustic wave biosensor --- colorimetric assay --- white light reflectance spectroscopy --- real-time immunosensor --- ELISA --- pesticides --- carbendazim --- fruit juices --- ECIS --- xCELLigence --- cellZscope --- hCMVEC --- endothelial cell --- impedance sensing --- light-addressable potentiometric sensor --- light-addressable electrode --- actuator-sensor system --- enzyme kinetics --- microfluidics --- HIV-1 p24 protein --- surface plasmon resonance --- surface modifications --- label-free detection --- artificial enzymes --- green synthesis --- hexacyanoferrates of transition and noble metals --- peroxidase mimetic --- amperometric (bio)sensor --- glucose oxidase --- glucose analysis --- electrocatalysis --- peroxynitrite --- flow injection analysis --- meat extracts --- myoglobin --- cobalt phthalocyanine --- electrochemical reduction --- screen-printed carbon electrode --- amperometric detection --- decay kinetics