Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Evolution of the horse has been an often-cited primary example of evolution, as well as one of the classic and important stories in paleontology for over a century and a half, due to their rich fossil record across 5 continents: North America, South America, Europe, Asia and Africa. The recent horse has served a profound role in human ancestry, including agriculture, commerce, sport, transport, warfare, and in prehistory, for the subsistence of humans. Many studies have examined the evolution of the Equidae and chronicled the striking changes in skulls, dentition, limbs, and body size which have long been perceived to be a response to environmental shifts through time. Most comprehensive studies heretofore have: (1) focused on the “Great Transformation”- changes that occurred in the early Miocene, (2) involved tracking long-term diversity or paleoecological trends on a single continent or within a geographical locality, or (3) concentrated on the 3-toed hipparions. The Plio–Pleistocene evolutionary stage of horse evolution is punctuated by the great climatic fluctuations of the Quaternary beginning 2.6 Ma which influenced Equus evolution, biogeographic dispersion and adaptation on a nearly global scale. The evolutionary biology of Equus evolution across its entire range remains relatively poorly understood and often highly controversial. Some of this lack of understanding is due to assumptions that have arisen because of the relatively derived craniodental and postcranial anatomy of Equus and its close relatives which has seemed to imply that that these forms occupied relatively homogenous and narrow dietary and locomotor niches - notions that have not been adequately addressed and rigorously tested. Other challenges have revolved around teasing apart environmentally-driven adaptation versus phylogenetically defined morphological change. Geochronologic age control of localities, geographic provinces and continents has improved, but in no way is absolute and can be reexamined in our proposed volume. Temporal resolution for paleodietary, paleohabitat and paleoecological interpretations are also challenging for understanding the evolution of Equus. Our proposed volume attempts to assemble a group of experts who will address multiple dimensions of Equus’ evolution in time and space.

Ecomorphology --- Equus --- Paleoecology --- Taxonomy --- Biogeography

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

The book presents an overview and brief description of the most frequent methods of phylogenetic inference. It provides basic information on underlying assumptions of these methods, their advantages and disadvantages, and differences between them. The text is supposed to help readers to make informed decisions in choosing an optimal approach for solving a given problem and for a given type of data as well as in correct interpretation of results. The book begins with an overview of the types of data for phylogenetic analysis, databases and sequence alignment, followed by methods of parsimony, evolutionary models, distance methods, likelihood, Bayesian inference, testing hypotheses, and comparing phylogenies. A separate chapter is focused on phylogenetic methods based on morphological data. The final part deals with the theory of coalescent which is essential for an array of population genetic analyses including new approaches to phylogeography.

Cladistic analysis. --- Cladistic analysis --- Cladism --- Cladistic method --- Cladistic taxonomy --- Cladistics --- Cladograms --- Phylogenetic systematics --- Phylogenetic taxonomy --- Taxonomy, Cladistic --- Taxonomy, Phylogenetic --- Biology --- Branching processes --- Phylogeny --- Data processing. --- Classification

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact

Microbial systematics --- taxonomy --- phylogeny --- biodiversity --- metagenomics

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

The Global Taxonomy Initiative has provided training opportunities for Parties to apply DNA-sequence based species identification method as a tool for biodiversity management that requires rapid species identification. The method of DNA barcoding has invigorated taxonomic research and is now applied in a wide range of areas, including environmental assessment, food inspection, disease control and public education. DNA barcoding has proven to be a powerful tool for both taxonomists and all biodiversity stakeholders, including women and children, and indigenous peoples and local communities. On the other hand, DNA barcoding practices have raised concerns among the public. These concerns include expatriation of biological specimens, sharing of digital sequence information and associated data with potential value, risks of unapproved changes of research purpose or benefits to be shared. This e-book provides practical advice on international collaborations that comply with the Nagoya Protocol and relevant national laws and regulations.

Nagoya protocol --- barcoding --- Global Taxonomy Initiative --- Science

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

This book was compiled by researchers of Chinese Academy of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Southwest Forestry University, and Kunming University of Science and Technology. It has been the most comprehensive monograph about the bamboo resources in China until now. "Illustrated Flora of Bambusoideae in China" is composed of two volumes.This volume 1 contains three sections. The first section includes prefaces written by Wu Zhengyi, Chen Junyu, and Li Dezhu, and the foreword by the authors. The second section is about morphology of bamboos, geographical distribution of Bambusoideae, and hardiness zoning of Bambusoideae in China. The third section mainly introduces about bamboo taxa in the supertribe Bambusatae, including the tribe Melocanneae Benth. (Melocanna Trin.,Pseudostachyum Munro, Melocalamus Benth., Leptocanna Chia et H. L. Fung, Schizostachyum Nees,Cephalostachyum Munro, Thyrsostachys Gamble, Bonia Balansa), the tribe Bambuseae Trin.(Neomicrocalamus Keng f., Guadua Kunth, Bambusa Retz. corr. Schreber, Lingnania McClure), the tribe Dendrocalameae Benth. (Neosinocalamus Keng f., Dendrocalamopsis (Chia et H. L. Fung) Keng f.,Dendrocalamus Nees, Gigantochloa Kurz ex Munro), and the tribe Shibataeeae Nakai emend. Keng f. (Indosasa McClure, Sinobambusa Makino ex Nakai, Chimonobambusa Makino, Qiongzhuea Hsueh et Yi,Hibanobambusa I. Maruyama et H. Okamura, Brachystachyum Keng, Phyllostachys Sieb. et Zucc.,Shibataea Makino ex Nakai, Semiarundinaria Makino ex Nakai). Totally, 512 bamboo taxa are recorded in this book, including four hybrids, 119 forms, 38 varieties, and 351 species in 25 genera of four tribes.

Plant systematics. --- Plant taxonomy. --- Plant ecology. --- Biodiversity. --- Plant Systematics/Taxonomy/Biogeography. --- Plant Ecology.