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Strings Attached
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ISBN: 1283267454 9786613267450 1400839742 9781400839742 9781283267458 9780691151601 0691151601 Year: 2011 Publisher: Princeton, NJ

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Abstract

Incentives can be found everywhere--in schools, businesses, factories, and government--influencing people's choices about almost everything, from financial decisions and tobacco use to exercise and child rearing. So long as people have a choice, incentives seem innocuous. But Strings Attached demonstrates that when incentives are viewed as a kind of power rather than as a form of exchange, many ethical questions arise: How do incentives affect character and institutional culture? Can incentives be manipulative or exploitative, even if people are free to refuse them? What are the responsibilities of the powerful in using incentives? Ruth Grant shows that, like all other forms of power, incentives can be subject to abuse, and she identifies their legitimate and illegitimate uses. Grant offers a history of the growth of incentives in early twentieth-century America, identifies standards for judging incentives, and examines incentives in four areas--plea bargaining, recruiting medical research subjects, International Monetary Fund loan conditions, and motivating students. In every case, the analysis of incentives in terms of power yields strikingly different and more complex judgments than an analysis that views incentives as trades, in which the desired behavior is freely exchanged for the incentives offered. Challenging the role and function of incentives in a democracy, Strings Attached questions whether the penchant for constant incentivizing undermines active, autonomous citizenship. Readers of this book are sure to view the ethics of incentives in a new light.


Book
Equity, Equality and Diversity in the Nordic Model of Education
Authors: --- --- --- ---
ISBN: 3030616487 3030616479 Year: 2020 Publisher: Springer Nature

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Abstract

Does the Nordic model of education still stand by its original principles and safeguard education for all? This Open Access volume is a carefully crafted collection of chapters that investigate the different aspects of equity, equality and diversity across the education systems in the Nordic countries. Based on data from various national and international large-scale assessments, the volume provides a better understanding of both the functions and foundations of the Nordic model, along with how the concepts mentioned above are enacted in practice. Across the chapters, data from different national and international large-scale assessment studies are used for cross- and single-country analyses on a variety of issues related to equity, equality and inequality in diverse educational settings. The investigations address different subject domains (i.e., mathematics, science, reading), age and grade groups, but also issues related to teachers and the schools themselves. In addition to these empirical chapters, the book addresses the theoretical and methodological underpinnings of the ideas and tools embedded in the phenomena of equity and equality and how they have met in the Nordic model of education.

Keywords

International education . --- Comparative education. --- Assessment. --- Learning. --- Instruction. --- Educational psychology. --- Education—Psychology. --- Social structure. --- Social inequality. --- International and Comparative Education. --- Assessment, Testing and Evaluation. --- Learning & Instruction. --- Educational Psychology. --- Social Structure, Social Inequality. --- Egalitarianism --- Inequality --- Social equality --- Social inequality --- Political science --- Sociology --- Democracy --- Liberty --- Organization, Social --- Social organization --- Anthropology --- Social institutions --- Education --- Psychology --- Learning process --- Comprehension --- Education, Comparative --- Global education --- Intellectual cooperation --- Internationalism --- History --- International and Comparative Education --- Assessment, Testing and Evaluation --- Learning & Instruction --- Educational Psychology --- Social Structure, Social Inequality --- Social Structure --- Equity Equality Diversity --- Nordic education model --- International large-scale assessment --- PISA --- TIMSS --- PIRLS --- TALIS --- ICILS --- Mathematics achievement --- Science achievement --- Reading achievement --- Teacher competence --- Teacher satisfaction --- Instructional quality --- Student outcomes --- Student motivation and beliefs --- Immigrant students --- SES and gender in education --- Quantitative methods --- Open Access --- Education: examinations & assessment --- Teaching skills & techniques --- Cognition & cognitive psychology --- Social & ethical issues --- Equality.

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