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From prehistoric times, mankind has looked up at the night sky, and puzzled at the changing positions of the stars. How far away they are is a question that has confounded scientists for centuries. Over the last few hundred years, many scientific careers – and considerable resources – have been devoted to measuring their positions and motions with ever increasing accuracy. And in the last two decades of the 20th century, the European Space Agency developed and launched the Hipparcos satellite, around which this account revolves, to carry out these exacting measurements from space. What has prompted these remarkable developments? Why have governments been persuaded to fund them? What are scientists learning from astronomy's equivalent of the Human Genome Project? This book traces the subject's history, explains why such enormous efforts are considered worthwhile, and interweaves these with a first-hand insight into the Hipparcos project, and how big science is conducted at an international level. The involvement of amateur astronomers, and the Hipparcos contributions to climate research, ‘death stars' passing close to the Sun, and the search for extra-solar planets and even intelligent life itself, are some of the surprising facets of this unusual space mission. One of the defining points in the creative life of the human mind came about when the ancient Greeks realised that, through a combination of mathematical geometry and the devising of increasingly accurate instruments using 360° scales, it was possible to map the heavens. And from Hipparchus in 150 BC, to ESA's Hipparcos project in the late twentieth century, much of the history of astronomy has been about the increasingly refined measurement of stellar angles, and how we can use them to make sense of the cosmos. This splendid book provides a fascinating account of that intellectual journey, and the defining contribution of a remarkable space mission. Allan Chapman A fascinating and entertaining account of a unique space adventure. From the prologue, which captures the excitement of the satellite launch through to the final future-looking chapter, the book contains a delightful mixture of historical and technical fact, personal insight and intriguing detail – a reading pleasure throughout. Lennart Lindegren A remarkable book, capturing a unique blend of humanism and science, related through the author's experience of research, technology, management, and human relations. The richness of science unveiled through the precise measurements of very small angles is amazing, and the chronicle is a masterpiece of astronomy. Roger-Maurice Bonnet For amateur astronomers who delight in exploring the night sky, here is the captivating and highly readable account of history's greatest star-mapping venture. Hipparcos demanded an almost unbelievable effort, scientific and technical. And who better to tell this story than the astronomer who orchestrated it all? Roger Sinnott The Hipparcos project was hugely important in mapping our Galaxy. This is a fascinating account of an important episode in astronomy, written by the scientist who played a pivotal role in the prolonged and often frustrating series of steps that brought it to fruition, and eventually to a triumphant conclusion.. Sir Martin Rees.

Hipparcos (Artificial satellite). --- Stars -- Atlases -- History. --- Stars --- Astronomical Observatories & Instruments --- Astronomy - General --- Astronomy & Astrophysics --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- History --- Astronomy --- History. --- Astronomical charts --- Atlases, Astronomical --- Charts, Astronomical --- Sidereal system --- Physics. --- Observations, Astronomical. --- Astrophysics. --- Space sciences. --- Astronomy. --- Astrophysics and Astroparticles. --- Extraterrestrial Physics, Space Sciences. --- Popular Science in Astronomy. --- Astronomy, Observations and Techniques. --- Observations. --- Galaxies --- Circumstellar matter --- Hipparcos (Artificial satellite) --- High Precision Parallax Collecting Satellite

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The new reduction of the Hipparcos data presents a very significant improvement in the overall reliability of the astrometric catalogue derived from this mission. Improvements by up to a factor 4 in the accuracies for in particular brighter stars have been obtained. This has been achieved mainly through careful study of the satellite dynamics, and incorporating results from these studies in the attitude modelling. Data correlations, caused by attitude-modelling errors in the original catalogue, have all but disappeared. This book provides overviews of the new reduction as well as on the use of the Hipparcos data in a variety of astrophysical implementations. A range of new results, like cluster distances and luminosity calibrations, is presented. The Hipparcos data provide a unique opportunity for the study of satellite dynamics. The orbit covered a wide range of altitudes, showing in detail the different torques acting on the satellite. One part of the book details these studies and their impact on the new reduction. It furthermore presents an extensive summary on a wide range of spacecraft and payload calibrations, which provide a detailed record of the conditions under which these unique Hipparcos data have been obtained.

Astrometry --- Data reduction --- Astrométrie --- Réduction des données (Statistique) --- Hipparcos (Artificial satellite) --- Astrometry. --- Data reduction. --- Hipparcos (Artificial satellite). --- Astronomy & Astrophysics --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- Astronomy - General --- Astrophysics --- Astrométrie --- Réduction des données (Statistique) --- EPUB-LIV-FT LIVPHYSI SPRINGER-B --- Reduction of data --- Positional astronomy --- High Precision Parallax Collecting Satellite --- Astrophysics. --- Mechanics. --- Astronomy, Observations and Techniques. --- Space Sciences (including Extraterrestrial Physics, Space Exploration and Astronautics). --- Classical Mechanics. --- Spherical astronomy --- Automatic data collection systems --- Statistics --- Classical mechanics --- Newtonian mechanics --- Physics --- Dynamics --- Quantum theory --- Astronomical physics --- Astronomy --- Cosmic physics --- Observations, Astronomical. --- Astronomy—Observations. --- Space sciences. --- Science and space --- Space research --- Cosmology --- Science --- Astronomical observations --- Observations, Astronomical

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The Special Issue “Radar and Sonar Imaging Processing” is a collection of 21 articles exploring many topics related to remote sensing with radar and sonar sensors. In this editorial, we present short introductions of the published articles. The series of articles in this SI deal with a broad profile of aspects of the use of radar and sonar images in line with the latest scientific trends while making use of the latest developments in science, including artificial intelligence. It can be said that both radar and sonar imaging and processing still remain a “hot topic” and much research in this area is being conducted worldwide. New techniques and methods for extracting information from radar and sonar sensors and data have been proposed and verified. Some of these will stimulate further research while others have reached maturity and can be considered for industrial implementation and development.

radar --- fuzzy sets theory --- artificial neural network --- game theory --- safe ship trajectory --- computer simulation --- computer decision support --- underwater sonar image --- adaptive denoising --- detection --- adaptive initialization --- synthetic aperture sonar (SAS) --- multireceiver --- numerical evaluation --- numerical transfer function --- imaging algorithm --- X-Band radar --- marine radar current measurement --- quality control --- measurement reliability --- accuracies --- precision --- WaMoS® II --- vessel mounted acoustic Doppler current profiler --- autonomous surface vehicles --- anti-collision --- automotive radar --- target detection --- interferometric inverse synthetic aperture radar (InISAR) --- image registration --- translational motion parameters estimation --- strong scattering centers fusion --- terahertz radar imaging --- side-scan sonar image --- gray scale correction --- Retinex --- image enhancement --- side-scan sonar --- multibeam echo sounder --- initial image matching with constraint --- dense local self-similarity --- superimposition --- quadratic phase error --- SAR --- approximation --- spaceborne real-time SAR imaging --- orbit determination error --- synthetic aperture radar (SAR) --- low frequency --- high-resolution --- large bandwidth --- improved generalized chirp scaling (GCS) --- Lagrange inversion theorem --- range-dependent coupling --- complex Doppler ambiguity --- fast-maneuvering target refocusing --- non-uniform FFT (NUFFT) --- 1D scaled Fourier transform (1D SCFT) --- 3D sonar --- bathymetry --- data reduction --- autonomous navigation --- ground penetrating radar --- underground cavity detection network --- deep convolutional neural network --- automated underground object classification --- phase analysis --- super-resolution --- anti-drone systems --- FMCW radars --- drones detection --- radars calibration --- narrow-band radar --- target classification --- signal reconstruction --- features extraction --- weighted features fusion --- Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) --- focusing --- periodically gapped data --- complex deconvolution --- side scan sonar --- bottom tracking --- one-dimensional convolutional neural network --- signal recognition --- real-time processing --- space-borne SAR --- deceptive jamming --- Doppler sensor --- acoustic vector sensor --- road traffic monitoring --- water column image --- gas emissions --- automatic detection --- optical flow --- parallax --- cloud --- earth observation --- geostationary satellite --- meteorological radar --- MSG --- SEVIRI --- sonar --- data fusion --- sensor design --- target tracking --- target imaging --- image understanding --- target recognition