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The year 2019 has been prolific in terms of new evidence regarding the effects of coffee and caffeine consumption on diverse aspects of human functioning. This book collects 20 high-quality manuscripts published in Nutrients that include original investigation or systematic review studies of the effects of caffeine intake on human performance and health. The diversity of the articles published in this Special Issue highlights the extent of the effects of coffee and caffeine on human functioning, while underpinning the positive nature of most of these effects. This book will help with understanding why the natural sources of caffeine are so widely present in the nutrition behaviors of modern society.

NAT --- n/a --- supplementation --- EEG–EMG coherence --- muscle function --- tea --- fatigue --- ergogenic --- adrenal gland --- skeletal muscle --- xanthine oxidase --- placebo --- CMJ --- efficiency --- colorectal cancer --- rat --- pregnancy --- coffee/caffeine --- Wingate --- 1RM test --- supplement --- actigraphy --- athletic --- systematic review and meta-analysis --- women --- consumption motives --- resistance training --- cancer prevention --- sport supplement --- exercise --- DOMS --- placebo effect --- sprint performance --- power --- behavior --- belief --- health --- perceptions --- exercise performance --- ergogenic aid --- electromyography --- ergogenic effect --- corticosterone --- metabolome --- mood state --- muscle contraction --- strength --- energy drink --- repetition --- responders --- perception --- anaerobic --- CYP450 --- puberty --- energy drinks --- isokinetic testing --- individual responses --- phenotyping --- nutrition --- time under tension --- menstrual cycle --- exercise training --- RPE --- ergogenic substances --- upper limb --- elite athlete --- recovery --- speed --- epidemiology --- caffeine --- sex-difference --- bench press --- pharmacokinetics --- sport performance --- ergogenic aids --- expectancy --- consumer --- football --- newborn --- velocity --- metabolites --- performance --- coffee --- prospective studies --- resistance exercise --- sport --- EEG-EMG coherence

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Sports performance is primarily associated with elite sport, however, recreational athletes are increasingly attempting to emulate elite athletes. Performance optimization is distinctly multidisciplinary. Optimized training concepts and the use of state-of-the-art technologies are crucial for improving performance. However, sports performance enhancement is in constant conflict with the protection of athletes’ health. Notwithstanding the known positive effects of physical activity on health, the prevention and management of sports injuries remain major challenges to be addressed. Accordingly, this Special Issue on "Sports Performance and Health" consists of 17 original research papers, one review paper, and one commentary, and covers a wide range of topics related to fatigue, movement asymmetries, optimization of sports performance by training, technique, and/or tactics enhancements, prevention and management of sports injuries, optimization of sports equipment to increase performance and/or decrease the risk of injury, and innovations for sports performance, health, and load monitoring. As this Special Issue offers several new insights and multidisciplinary perspectives on sports performance and health, readers from around the world who work in these areas are expected to benefit from this Special Issue collection.

symmetry --- asymmetry --- foot --- force --- balance --- postural stability --- standing --- hurdling --- biomechanics --- hurdle clearance --- technique analysis --- collar height --- kinematics --- kinetics --- dynamic stability --- ankle injury --- range of motion --- basketball shooting --- proprioception --- ankle sprain --- taping --- soccer --- basketball --- prevention --- musculoskeletal disorders --- personalized treatment --- measurement --- healthy athletes --- jump performance --- smartphones --- My Jump 2 --- reliability --- validity --- training environment --- sports --- athletes --- interval training --- biological emotional evaluation --- sports sciences --- muscle activations --- electromyography --- slope walking --- backpack loads --- nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide --- training --- mitochondrion --- table tennis --- racket --- racket sports --- performance analysis --- game-actions --- strokes --- morphology --- isokinetic --- sprints --- vertical jump performance --- handball shooting --- agility --- strength --- power --- inter-limb asymmetry --- global navigation satellite system --- GPS --- IMU --- inertial motion capture --- pressure insoles --- ski racing --- alpine skiing --- athletes’ health --- epidemiology --- spine --- musculoskeletal injuries --- skiing simulation --- optical motion capture --- tensiometer --- ski waist-width --- knee injury --- wrist --- elbow --- shot --- accuracy --- RFD-SF --- badminton --- knee joint --- injury --- one-dimensional statistical parametric mapping --- eccentric --- alpine ski racing --- strength training --- supramaximal loads --- athlete safety --- n/a --- athletes' health

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Sarcopenia represents the decline in skeletal muscle mass and function with age, characterized by the muscle fiber's quality, strength, muscle endurance, and metabolic ability decreasing, as well as the fat and connective tissue growing.Reduction of muscle strength with aging leads to loss of functional capacity, causing disability, mortality, and other adverse health outcomes. Because of the increase of the proportion of elderly in the population, sarcopenia-related morbidity will become an increasing area of health care resource utilization.Diagnostic screening consists of individuation of body composition, assessed by DEXA, anthropometry, bioelectrical impedance, MRI, or CT scan. Management is possible with resistance training exercise and vibration therapy, nutritional supplements, and pharmacological treatment.The book includes articles from different nationalities, treating the experimental and medical applications of sarcopenia. The consequences of sarcopenia in frailty are treated in relation to other associated pathologies or lesions, as femoral neck fractures and hepatocellular carcinoma.

muscle-mass --- sleep efficiency --- sleep duration --- insomnia --- sarcopenia --- quality of life --- osteoporosis --- postmenopausal women --- sedentary behaviour --- aged --- exercise --- motivation --- hepatoma --- myokine --- decorin --- walking distance --- survival --- muscle strength --- resistance training --- randomized controlled trial --- nutritional status --- nutritional screening tools --- hospitalized older patients --- resistance exercise training --- muscle regulatory factors --- deconditioning --- skeletal muscle --- elderly --- hypertrophy --- multimorbidity --- polypathological patients --- frailty --- oxidative stress --- telomere length --- apoptosis --- spirometry --- urea --- fatigue --- respiratory system --- skeletal muscles --- lipids --- transaminases --- falls --- resistance exercise --- vibration --- electrical stimulation --- hip fracture --- diagnosis --- treatment --- prevention --- dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry --- bisphosphonate --- β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate --- exercise intervention --- fall risk --- balance --- anxiety --- depression --- sleep quality --- type 2 diabetes --- physical activity --- muscle mass --- protein intake --- accelerometer --- aerobic exercise training --- mitochondria --- endurance --- fractures --- ageing fractures --- complications --- recovery --- rehabilitation --- nutritional supplements --- physical therapy --- cognition --- brain-body cross-talk --- older persons --- prevalence --- physical functional performance --- epidemiologic studies --- aging --- panoramic ultrasound --- echogenicity --- specific force --- isokinetic dynamometry --- muscle quality --- strength --- older adults --- diagnostic criteria --- clinical