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Based on extensive observation, interviews and archive research, this book provides an in-depth insight into one of the most crucial forms of regulation around medical research: research ethics committees. Every month, groups of people from all over the United Kingdom decide what kind of research should be carried out on patients within the National Health Service. These groups - Research Ethics Committees (RECs) - made up of doctors, nurses, researchers, and members of the general public - help shape the future of medicine, and play a crucial role in the regulation of a wide range of research from social science to epidemiology, vaccine and drugs trials and surgery. This book highlights how, despite the trappings of a modern regulatory system, REC decision making revolves around very old-fashioned aspects of social life such as interpersonal trust, reputation and the performance of character.

Medical ethics committees --- Medical ethics --- Biology --- Medicine --- Decision making. --- Research --- Law and legislation --- bioethics. --- ethnography. --- institutional review boards. --- medical ethics. --- regulation. --- research ethics committees. --- research ethics review. --- research governance. --- trust.

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As an Institutional Review Board (IRB) member, you must balance two interests. Your committee protects subjects and it permits the research that improves our health and lives. Balanced Ethics Review, drawing on basic principles of ethics and regulation, explains how to conduct this balancing task. It does not always provide the answer to knotty questions—that is your job—but it suggests a way of thinking, one that will help you reach morally-justified decisions that respect both subject welfare and our shared need for the fruits of research.

Ethics Committees, Research --- Human Experimentation --- Ethics Committees --- Investigative Techniques --- Research --- Biomedical Research --- Professional Staff Committees --- Ethics --- Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment --- Science --- Quality Assurance, Health Care --- Health Care Quality, Access, and Evaluation --- Humanities --- Natural Science Disciplines --- Professional Practice --- Health Care --- Organization and Administration --- Disciplines and Occupations --- Health Services Administration --- Medical ethics. --- Medicine --- Human experimentation in medicine --- Institutional review boards (Medicine) --- Moral and ethical aspects. --- Boards, Institutional review (Medicine) --- IRBs (Medicine) --- Medical institutional review boards --- Review boards, Institutional (Medicine) --- Clinical sciences --- Medical profession --- Biomedical ethics --- Clinical ethics --- Ethics, Medical --- Health care ethics --- Medical care --- Moral and ethical aspects --- Human biology --- Life sciences --- Medical sciences --- Pathology --- Physicians --- Bioethics --- Professional ethics --- Nursing ethics --- Social medicine --- Medical ethics committees --- Evaluation --- Anthropology. --- Epidemiology. --- Psychiatry. --- Public Health. --- Medicine and psychology --- Mental health --- Psychology, Pathological --- Diseases --- Public health --- Human beings --- Public health. --- Community health --- Health services --- Hygiene, Public --- Hygiene, Social --- Public health services --- Public hygiene --- Social hygiene --- Health --- Human services --- Biosecurity --- Health literacy --- Medicine, Preventive --- National health services --- Sanitation --- Primitive societies --- Social sciences

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AIDS (Disease) --- Clinical trials --- Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome --- Clinical Trials as Topic --- Risk Assessment --- Emigration and Immigration --- Government Regulation --- HIV Infections --- HIV Seropositivity --- Human Experimentation --- Immunization --- Mental Competency --- Patient Selection --- Public Policy --- Risk --- Social Justice --- AIDS Vaccines --- Coercion --- Ethical Review --- Ethics Committees, Research --- Ethics, Medical --- Prejudice --- Random Allocation --- Research Design --- Ethics Committees --- Homosexuality --- Social Control, Formal --- Substance-Related Disorders --- Developing Countries --- Social Welfare --- Advisory Committees --- Public Health --- Ethics --- Informed Consent --- Attitude --- Research Subjects --- Communicable Diseases --- Politics --- Pregnant Women --- Pharmaceutical Preparations --- History --- Infant --- Pregnancy --- Child --- Prisoners --- Research --- Infection --- Age Groups --- Persons --- Epidemiologic Study Characteristics as Topic --- Communicable Disease Control --- Jurisprudence --- Sexuality --- Morals --- Psychology, Social --- Probability --- Policy Making --- Methods --- Social Control, Informal --- Humanities --- Reproduction --- Risk Management --- Behavior and Behavior Mechanisms --- Health Care Economics and Organizations --- Social Control Policies --- International Cooperation --- Patient Care Management --- Professional Staff Committees --- Ethics, Clinical --- Lentivirus Infections --- Science --- Evaluation Studies as Topic --- Epidemiologic Research Design --- Human Rights --- Social Sciences --- Investigative Techniques --- Diseases --- Environment and Public Health --- Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes --- Immunotherapy --- Primary Prevention --- Health Care Quality, Access, and Evaluation --- Philosophy --- Population Dynamics --- Principle-Based Ethics --- Epidemiologic Measurements --- Viral Vaccines --- Sociology --- Patient Rights --- Psychological Phenomena and Processes --- Immunologic Techniques --- Women --- Health --- Slow Virus Diseases --- Biomedical Research --- Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Viral --- Medicine --- Chemicals and Drugs --- Mental Disorders --- Policy --- Psychiatry and Psychology --- Demography --- Public Health Practice --- Vaccines --- Epidemiologic Methods --- Statistics as Topic --- Natural Science Disciplines --- Named Groups --- Immune System Diseases --- Health Care Evaluation Mechanisms --- Mathematical Concepts --- Ethics, Professional --- Professional Practice --- Organization and Administration --- Reproductive Physiological Processes --- Sexual Behavior --- Population Characteristics --- Internationality --- Sexually Transmitted Diseases --- Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment --- Health Care --- Health Services Administration --- Virus Diseases --- Bacterial Infections and Mycoses --- Quality Assurance, Health Care --- Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena --- Health Occupations --- Retroviridae Infections --- Immunomodulation --- Reproductive Physiological Phenomena --- Preventive Health Services --- Behavior --- Biological Products --- Health Services --- Disciplines and Occupations --- Biological Therapy --- Quality of Health Care --- Reproductive and Urinary Physiological Phenomena --- Phenomena and Processes --- RNA Virus Infections --- Therapeutics --- Health Care Facilities, Manpower, and Services --- Complex Mixtures --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Therapy --- Treatment --- Therapeutic --- Therapies --- Treatments --- Disease --- Infections, RNA Virus --- Infection, RNA Virus --- RNA Virus Infection --- Virus Infection, RNA --- Virus Infections, RNA --- Physiology, Reproductive and Urinary --- Reproductive and Urinary Physiological Phenomenon --- Reproductive and Urinary Physiology Concepts --- Reproductive and Urinary Physiology Phenomenon --- Reproductive and Urinary Tract Physiological Concepts --- Reproductive and Urinary Tract Physiological Phenomena --- Reproductive and Urinary Tract Physiological Phenomenon --- Reproductive and Urinary Tract Physiology --- Reproductive and Urinary Physiology --- Reproductive and Urinary Physiology Phenomena --- Pharmacy Audit --- Quality of Care --- Quality of Healthcare --- Audit, Pharmacy --- Care Quality --- Health Care Quality --- Healthcare Quality --- Pharmacy Audits --- Complex Extracts --- Crude Extracts --- Extracts, Complex --- Extracts, Crude --- Complex Extract --- Complex Mixture --- Crude Extract --- Mixtures, Complex --- Extract, Complex --- Extract, Crude --- Mixture, Complex --- Healthcare Facilities, Manpower, and Services --- Biologic Therapy --- Biotherapy --- Therapy, Biological --- Biologic Therapies --- Biological Therapies --- Biotherapies --- Therapies, Biologic --- Therapies, Biological --- Therapy, Biologic --- Services, Health --- Health Service --- Biologic Drugs --- Biologic Medicines --- Biologic Pharmaceuticals --- Biologic Products --- Biological Drugs --- Biological Medicines --- Biologicals --- Biopharmaceuticals --- Products, Biological --- Biologic --- Biologic Drug --- Biologic Product --- Biological --- Biological Drug --- Biological Medicine --- Biological Product --- Biologics --- Biopharmaceutical --- Natural Product --- Natural Products --- Drug, Biologic --- Drug, Biological --- Drugs, Biologic --- Drugs, Biological --- Medicine, Biological --- Medicines, Biologic --- Medicines, Biological --- Pharmaceuticals, Biologic --- Product, Biologic --- Product, Biological --- Product, Natural --- Biological Factors --- Viral Diseases --- Viral Infections --- Virus Infections --- Disease, Viral --- Disease, Virus --- Diseases, Viral --- Diseases, Virus --- Infection, Viral --- Infection, Virus --- Infections, Viral --- Infections, Virus --- Viral Disease --- Viral Infection --- Virus Disease --- Virus Infection --- Administration, Health Services --- Community-Based Distribution --- Contraceptive Distribution --- Delivery of Healthcare --- Dental Care Delivery --- Distribution, Non-Clinical --- Distribution, Nonclinical --- Distributional Activities --- Healthcare --- Healthcare Delivery --- Healthcare Systems --- Non-Clinical Distribution --- Nonclinical Distribution --- Delivery of Dental Care --- Health Care Delivery --- Health Care Systems --- Activities, Distributional --- Activity, Distributional --- Care, Health --- Community Based Distribution --- Community-Based Distributions --- Contraceptive Distributions --- Deliveries, Healthcare --- Delivery, Dental Care --- Delivery, Health Care --- Delivery, Healthcare --- Distribution, Community-Based --- Distribution, Contraceptive --- Distribution, Non Clinical --- Distributional Activity --- Distributions, Community-Based --- Distributions, Contraceptive --- Distributions, Non-Clinical --- Distributions, Nonclinical --- Health Care System --- Healthcare Deliveries --- Healthcare System --- Non Clinical Distribution --- Non-Clinical Distributions --- Nonclinical Distributions --- System, Health Care --- System, Healthcare --- Systems, Health Care --- Systems, Healthcare --- STDs --- STIs --- Sexually Transmitted Infections --- Venereal Diseases --- Disease, Sexually Transmitted --- Disease, Venereal --- Diseases, Sexually Transmitted --- Diseases, Venereal --- Infection, Sexually Transmitted --- Infections, Sexually Transmitted --- STI --- Sexually Transmitted Disease --- Sexually Transmitted Infection --- Transmitted Infection, Sexually --- Transmitted Infections, Sexually --- Venereal Disease --- Venereology --- Reproductive Tract Infections --- Globalization --- International Aspects --- International Perspectives --- International Relations --- Multinational Aspects --- Multinational Perspectives --- Aspect, International --- Aspect, Multinational --- Aspects, International --- Aspects, Multinational --- International Aspect --- International Perspective --- Multinational Aspect --- Multinational Perspective --- Perspective, International --- Perspective, Multinational --- Perspectives, International --- Perspectives, Multinational --- Relations, International --- International Law --- Population Heterogeneity --- Population Statistics --- Characteristic, Population --- Characteristics, Population --- Heterogeneity, Population --- Population Characteristic --- Statistics, Population --- Acceptance Process --- Acceptance Processes --- Behaviors --- Process, Acceptance --- Processes, Acceptance --- Premarital Sex Behavior --- Sex Behavior --- Sex Orientation --- Sexual Activities --- Anal Sex --- Oral Sex --- Sexual Activity --- Sexual Orientation --- Activities, Sexual --- Activity, Sexual --- Behavior, Premarital Sex --- Behavior, Sex --- Behavior, Sexual --- Orientation, Sexual --- Sex, Anal --- Sex, Oral --- Sex --- Reproductive Behavior --- Health Services, Preventive --- Preventive Health --- Preventive Health Care --- Preventive Health Programs --- Preventive Programs --- Services, Preventive Health --- Care, Preventive Health --- Health Care, Preventive --- Health Program, Preventive --- Health Programs, Preventive --- Health Service, Preventive --- Health, Preventive --- Preventive Health Program --- Preventive Health Service --- Preventive Program --- Program, Preventive --- Program, Preventive Health --- Programs, Preventive --- Programs, Preventive Health --- Service, Preventive Health --- Preventive Medicine --- Preventive Psychiatry --- Reproductive Physiologic Concepts --- Reproductive Physiological Phenomenon --- Reproductive Physiological Process --- Reproductive Physiological Concepts --- Concept, Reproductive Physiologic --- Concept, Reproductive Physiological --- Concepts, Reproductive Physiologic --- Concepts, Reproductive Physiological --- Phenomena, Reproductive Physiological --- Phenomenon, Reproductive Physiological --- Physiologic Concept, Reproductive --- Physiologic Concepts, Reproductive --- Physiological Concept, Reproductive --- Physiological Process, Reproductive --- Physiological Processes, Reproductive --- Process, Reproductive Physiological --- Processes, Reproductive Physiological --- Reproductive Physiologic Concept --- Reproductive Physiological Concept --- Immunomodulatory Therapy --- Immunomodulations --- Immunomodulatory Therapies --- Therapies, Immunomodulatory --- Therapy, Immunomodulatory --- Infections, Retroviridae --- Infections, Retrovirus --- XMRV Infection --- Xenotropic MuLV-related Virus Infection --- Xenotropic Murine Leukemia Virus-related Virus Infection --- Retrovirus Infections --- Infection, Retroviridae --- Infection, Retrovirus --- Infection, XMRV --- Infections, XMRV --- Retroviridae Infection --- Retrovirus Infection --- XMRV Infections --- Xenotropic MuLV related Virus Infection --- Xenotropic Murine Leukemia Virus related Virus Infection --- Health Professions --- Health Occupation --- Health Profession --- Profession, Health --- Professions, Health --- Occupations --- Health Care Quality Assessment --- Health Care Quality Assurance --- Healthcare Quality Assessment --- Healthcare Quality Assurance --- Quality Assessment, Healthcare --- Quality Assurance, Healthcare --- Quality Assessment, Health Care --- Assessment, Healthcare Quality --- Assessments, Healthcare Quality --- Assurance, Healthcare Quality --- Assurances, Healthcare Quality --- Healthcare Quality Assessments --- Healthcare Quality Assurances --- Quality Assessments, Healthcare --- Quality Assurances, Healthcare --- Administration and Organization --- Administrative Technics --- Administrative Techniques --- Coordination, Administrative --- Logistics --- Supervision --- Technics, Administrative --- Techniques, Administrative --- Administration --- Administrative Coordination --- Administrative Technic --- Administrative Technique --- Technic, Administrative --- Technique, Administrative --- Concept, Mathematical --- Concepts, Mathematical --- Mathematical Concept --- Healthcare Evaluation Mechanisms --- Evaluation Mechanism, Healthcare --- Evaluation Mechanisms, Healthcare --- Healthcare Evaluation Mechanism --- Mechanism, Healthcare Evaluation --- Mechanisms, Healthcare Evaluation --- Practice, Professional --- Practices, Professional --- Professional Practices --- Professional Ethics --- Ethic, Professional --- Professional Ethic --- Professional Misconduct --- Diseases of Immune System --- Immune Diseases --- Immunological Diseases --- Immune Disorders --- Immune System Disorders --- Immunologic Diseases --- Disease, Immune --- Disease, Immune System --- Disease, Immunologic --- Disease, Immunological --- Disorder, Immune System --- Immune Disease --- Immune Disorder --- Immune System Disease --- Immune System Disorder --- Immunologic Disease --- Immunological Disease --- Natural Sciences --- Physical Sciences --- Discipline, Natural Science --- Disciplines, Natural Science --- Natural Science --- Natural Science Discipline --- Physical Science --- Science, Natural --- Science, Physical --- Sciences, Natural --- Sciences, Physical --- Area Analysis --- Estimation Technics --- Estimation Techniques --- Indirect Estimation Technics --- Indirect Estimation Techniques --- Multiple Classification Analysis --- Service Statistics --- Statistical Study --- Statistics, Service --- Tables and Charts as Topic --- Analyses, Area --- Analyses, Multiple Classification --- Area Analyses --- Classification Analyses, Multiple --- Classification Analysis, Multiple --- Estimation Technic, Indirect --- Estimation Technics, Indirect --- Estimation Technique --- Estimation Technique, Indirect --- Estimation Techniques, Indirect --- Indirect Estimation Technic --- Indirect Estimation Technique --- Multiple Classification Analyses --- Statistical Studies --- Studies, Statistical --- Study, Statistical --- Technic, Indirect Estimation --- Technics, Estimation --- Technics, Indirect Estimation --- Technique, Estimation --- Technique, Indirect Estimation --- Techniques, Estimation --- Techniques, Indirect Estimation --- Epidemiologic Method --- Epidemiological Methods --- Methods, Epidemiologic --- Epidemiological Method --- Method, Epidemiologic --- Method, Epidemiological --- Methods, Epidemiological --- Epidemiology --- Vaccine --- Health Practice, Public --- Health Practices, Public --- Practice, Public Health --- Practices, Public Health --- Public Health Practices --- Accounting, Demographic --- Analyses, Demographic --- Analyses, Multiregional --- Analysis, Period --- Brass Technic --- Brass Technique --- Demographers --- Demographic Accounting --- Demographic Analysis --- Demographic Factor --- Demographic Factors --- Demographic Impact --- Demographic Impacts --- Demographic Survey --- Demographic Surveys --- Demographic and Health Surveys --- Demographics --- Demography, Historical --- Demography, Prehistoric --- Factor, Demographic --- Factors, Demographic --- Family Reconstitution --- Historical Demography --- Impact, Demographic --- Impacts, Demographic --- Multiregional Analysis --- Period Analysis --- Population Spatial Distribution --- Prehistoric Demography --- Reverse Survival Method --- Stable Population Method --- Survey, Demographic --- Surveys, Demographic --- Demographer --- Demographic --- Demographic and Health Survey --- Population Distribution --- Analyses, Period --- Analysis, Demographic --- Analysis, Multiregional --- Demographic Analyses --- Demographies, Historical --- Demographies, Prehistoric --- Distribution, Population --- Distribution, Population Spatial --- Distributions, Population --- Distributions, Population Spatial --- Family Reconstitutions --- Historical Demographies --- Method, Reverse Survival --- Method, Stable Population --- Methods, Reverse Survival --- Methods, Stable Population --- Multiregional Analyses --- Period Analyses --- Population Distributions --- Population Methods, Stable --- Population Spatial Distributions --- Prehistoric Demographies --- Reconstitution, Family --- Reconstitutions, Family --- Reverse Survival Methods --- Spatial Distribution, Population --- Spatial Distributions, Population --- Stable Population Methods --- Technic, Brass --- Technique, Brass --- Policies --- Behavior Disorders --- Diagnosis, Psychiatric --- Mental Disorders, Severe --- Psychiatric Diagnosis --- Mental Illness --- Psychiatric Diseases --- Psychiatric Disorders --- Psychiatric Illness --- Illness, Mental --- Mental Disorder --- Mental Disorder, Severe --- Mental Illnesses --- Psychiatric Disease --- Psychiatric Disorder --- Psychiatric Illnesses --- Severe Mental Disorder --- Severe Mental Disorders --- Mentally Ill Persons --- Medical Specialities --- Medical Specialties --- Medical Specialty --- Specialities, Medical --- Specialties, Medical --- Specialty, Medical --- Medical Speciality --- Speciality, Medical --- Health Workforce --- Sexually Transmitted Disease, Viral --- Viral Sexually Transmitted Disease --- Viral Sexually Transmitted Diseases --- Viral Venereal Diseases --- Venereal Diseases, Viral --- Disease, Viral Venereal --- Diseases, Viral Venereal --- Venereal Disease, Viral --- Viral Venereal Disease --- Experimental Medicine --- Investigational Medicine --- Investigative Medicine --- Research, Biomedical --- Research, Medical --- Medical Research --- Medicine, Experimental --- Medicine, Investigational --- Medicine, Investigative --- Animals, Laboratory --- Disease, Slow Virus --- Diseases, Slow Virus --- Slow Virus Disease --- Virus Disease, Slow --- Virus Diseases, Slow --- Girls --- Woman --- Women's Groups --- Girl --- Women Groups --- Women's Group --- Antibody Dissociation --- Immunologic Technic --- Immunologic Technics --- Immunologic Technique --- Immunological Technics --- Immunological Techniques --- Technic, Immunologic --- Technics, Immunologic --- Technique, Immunologic --- Techniques, Immunologic --- Antibody Dissociations --- Dissociation, Antibody --- Dissociations, Antibody --- Immunological Technic --- Immunological Technique --- Technic, Immunological --- Technics, Immunological --- Technique, Immunological --- Techniques, Immunological --- Allergy and Immunology --- Immunity --- Immunochemistry --- Psychologic Processes --- Psychologic Processes and Principles --- Psychological Processes --- Phenomena, Psychological --- Processes, Psychologic --- Processes, Psychological --- Psychological Phenomenas --- Psychological Processe --- Patient's Rights --- Patients' Rights --- Right to Treatment --- Patient Right --- Patient's Right --- Patients Rights --- Patients' Right --- Right to Treatments --- Right, Patient --- Right, Patient's --- Right, Patients' --- Rights, Patient --- Rights, Patient's --- Rights, Patients' --- Treatment, Right to --- Treatments, Right to --- Patient Advocacy --- Truth Disclosure --- Bioethical Issues --- General Social Development and Population --- Viral Vaccine --- Vaccine, Viral --- Vaccines, Viral --- Measurements, Epidemiologic --- Epidemiologic Measurement --- Measurement, Epidemiologic --- Principlism --- Ethic, Principle-Based --- Ethics, Principle-Based --- Principle Based Ethics --- Principle-Based Ethic --- Ethical Theory --- Demographic Aging --- Demographic Transition --- Optimum Population --- Population Decrease --- Population Pressure --- Population Replacement --- Population Theory --- Residential Mobility --- Rural-Urban Migration --- Stable Population --- Stationary Population --- Malthusianism --- Neomalthusianism --- Aging, Demographic --- Decrease, Population --- Decreases, Population --- Demographic Transitions --- Dynamics, Population --- Migration, Rural-Urban --- Migrations, Rural-Urban --- Mobilities, Residential --- Mobility, Residential --- Optimum Populations --- Population Decreases --- Population Pressures --- Population Replacements --- Population Theories --- Population, Optimum --- Population, Stable --- Population, Stationary --- Populations, Optimum --- Populations, Stable --- Populations, Stationary --- Pressure, Population --- Pressures, Population --- Replacement, Population --- Replacements, Population --- Residential Mobilities --- Rural Urban Migration --- Rural-Urban Migrations --- Stable Populations --- Stationary Populations --- Theories, Population --- Theory, Population --- Transition, Demographic --- Transitions, Demographic --- Life History Traits --- Genetics, Population --- Pharmacy Philosophy --- Philosophical Overview --- Hedonism --- Stoicism --- Overview, Philosophical --- Overviews, Philosophical --- Pharmacy Philosophies --- Philosophical Overviews --- Philosophies --- Philosophies, Pharmacy --- Philosophy, Pharmacy --- Healthcare Quality, Access, and Evaluation --- Disease Prevention, Primary --- Prevention, Primordial --- Primordial Prevention --- Prevention, Primary --- Disease Preventions, Primary --- Preventions, Primordial --- Primary Disease Prevention --- Primary Disease Preventions --- Primordial Preventions --- Preventive Dentistry --- Prophylactic Surgical Procedures --- Immunotherapies --- Immunity, Active --- Deficiency Syndrome, Immunologic --- Deficiency Syndromes, Antibody --- Deficiency Syndromes, Immunologic --- Immunologic Deficiency Syndrome --- Immunological Deficiency Syndromes --- Antibody Deficiency Syndrome --- Antibody Deficiency Syndromes --- Deficiency Syndrome, Antibody --- Deficiency Syndrome, Immunological --- Deficiency Syndromes, Immunological --- Immunological Deficiency Syndrome --- Syndrome, Antibody Deficiency --- Syndrome, Immunologic Deficiency --- Syndrome, Immunological Deficiency --- Syndromes, Antibody Deficiency --- Syndromes, Immunologic Deficiency --- Syndromes, Immunological Deficiency --- Antibodies --- Investigative Technics --- Investigative Technic --- Investigative Technique --- Technic, Investigative --- Technics, Investigative --- Technique, Investigative --- Techniques, Investigative --- Science, Social --- Sciences, Social --- Social Science --- Collective Human Rights --- Equal Rights --- Linguistic Rights --- Right to Housing and Shelter --- Rights of Indigenous Peoples --- Human Rights, Collective --- Indigenous Peoples Rights --- Rights, Collective Human --- Rights, Equal --- Rights, Linguistic --- Human Rights Abuses --- Design, Epidemiologic Research --- Designs, Epidemiologic Research --- Epidemiologic Research Designs --- Epidemiological Research Design --- Research Design, Epidemiologic --- Research Designs, Epidemiologic --- Design, Epidemiological Research --- Designs, Epidemiological Research --- Epidemiological Research Designs --- Research Design, Epidemiological --- Research Designs, Epidemiological --- Critique --- Evaluation Indexes --- Evaluation Methodology --- Evaluation Report --- Evaluation Research --- Methodology, Evaluation --- Pre-Post Tests --- Qualitative Evaluation --- Quantitative Evaluation --- Theoretical Effectiveness --- Use-Effectiveness --- Critiques --- Effectiveness, Theoretical --- Evaluation Methodologies --- Evaluation Reports --- Evaluation, Qualitative --- Evaluation, Quantitative --- Evaluations, Qualitative --- Evaluations, Quantitative --- Indexes, Evaluation --- Methodologies, Evaluation --- Pre Post Tests --- Pre-Post Test --- Qualitative Evaluations --- Quantitative Evaluations --- Report, Evaluation --- Reports, Evaluation --- Research, Evaluation --- Test, Pre-Post --- Tests, Pre-Post --- Use Effectiveness --- Sciences --- Infections, Lentivirus --- Infection, Lentivirus --- Lentivirus Infection --- Clinical Ethics --- Clinical Medicine --- Ethicists --- Ethics Committees, Clinical --- Ethics Consultation --- Committee, Professional Staff --- Committees, Professional Staff --- Professional Staff Committee --- Staff Committee, Professional --- Staff Committees, Professional --- Hospital Administration --- Care Management, Patient --- Management, Patient Care --- Treaties --- Foreign Aid --- Aid, Foreign --- Cooperation, International --- Treaty --- Control Policies, Social --- Control Policy, Social --- Policies, Social Control --- Policy, Social Control --- Social Control Policy --- Healthcare Economics and Organizations --- Health Care Economics --- Health Economics --- Healthcare Economics --- Care Economic, Health --- Economic, Health --- Economic, Health Care --- Economic, Healthcare --- Economics, Health Care --- Health Care Economic --- Health Economic --- Healthcare Economic --- Behavior And Behavior Mechanism --- Hospital Incident Reportings --- Incident Reporting --- Incident Reportings, Hospital --- Management, Risks --- Reporting, Hospital Incident --- Reportings, Hospital Risk --- Voluntary Patient Safety Event Reporting --- Hospital Incident Reporting --- Incident Reporting, Hospital --- Hospital Risk Reporting --- Hospital Risk Reportings --- Incident Reportings --- Management, Risk --- Reporting, Hospital Risk --- Reporting, Incident --- Reportings, Hospital Incident --- Reportings, Incident --- Risk Reporting, Hospital --- Risk Reportings, Hospital --- Risks Management --- Human Reproductive Index --- Human Reproductive Indexes --- Reproductive Period --- Human Reproductive Indices --- Index, Human Reproductive --- Indexes, Human Reproductive --- Indices, Human Reproductive --- Period, Reproductive --- Periods, Reproductive --- Reproductive Index, Human --- Reproductive Indices, Human --- Reproductive Periods --- Informal Social Control --- Control, Informal Social --- Controls, Informal Social --- Informal Social Controls --- Social Controls, Informal --- Power, Psychological --- Social Conformity --- Methodological Studies --- Methodological Study --- Procedures --- Studies, Methodological --- Study, Methodological --- Method --- Procedure --- Analysis, Policy --- Policy Analysis --- Policy Development --- Analyses, Policy --- Development, Policy --- Developments, Policy --- Making, Policy --- Policy Analyses --- Policy Developments --- Decision Making --- Decision Making, Organizational --- Dissent and Disputes --- Probabilities --- Psychology, Perceptual --- Social Psychology --- Perceptual Psychology --- Morality --- Retrospective Moral Judgment --- Constitutional Law --- Court Decision --- Law --- Legal Aspects --- Legal Obligations --- Legal Status --- State Interest --- Litigation --- Medical Jurisprudence --- Aspect, Legal --- Aspects, Legal --- Constitutional Laws --- Court Decisions --- Decision, Court --- Decisions, Court --- Interest, State --- Interests, State --- Jurisprudence, Medical --- Law, Constitutional --- Laws --- Laws, Constitutional --- Legal Aspect --- Legal Obligation --- Litigations --- Obligation, Legal --- Obligations, Legal --- State Interests --- Status, Legal --- Defamation --- Lawyers --- Parasite Control --- Flatten the Curve of Epidemic --- Flattening the Curve, Communicable Disease Control --- Control, Communicable Disease --- Control, Parasite --- Infectious Disease Medicine --- Disease Eradication --- Study Characteristic, Epidemiologic --- Study Characteristics, Epidemiologic --- Person --- Age Group --- Group, Age --- Groups, Age --- Infection and Infestation --- Infections and Infestations --- Infestation and Infection --- Infestations and Infections --- Laboratory Research --- Research Activities --- Research and Development --- Research Priorities --- Activities, Research --- Activity, Research --- Development and Research --- Priorities, Research --- Priority, Research --- Research Activity --- Research Priority --- Research, Laboratory --- Ethics, Research --- Hostages --- Hostage --- Prisoner --- Children --- Minors --- Gestation --- Pregnancies --- Litter Size --- Maternal-Fetal Relations --- Infants --- Aspects, Historical --- Historical Aspects --- Aspect, Historical --- Historical Aspect --- Histories --- Pharmaceutic Preparations --- Pharmaceutical Products --- Pharmaceuticals --- Preparations, Pharmaceutical --- Drug --- Drugs --- Pharmaceutical --- Pharmaceutical Preparation --- Pharmaceutical Product --- Preparation, Pharmaceutical --- Preparations, Pharmaceutic --- Product, Pharmaceutical --- Products, Pharmaceutical --- Pharmacology --- Drug Dosage Calculations --- Pregnant Woman --- Women, Pregnant --- Woman, Pregnant --- Conservatism --- Decentralization --- Liberalism --- Political Factors --- Voting --- Political Activity --- Activities, Political --- Activity, Political --- Factor, Political --- Factors, Political --- Political Activities --- Political Factor --- Infectious Diseases --- Communicable Disease --- Disease, Communicable --- Disease, Infectious --- Diseases, Communicable --- Diseases, Infectious --- Infectious Disease --- Disease Outbreaks --- Disease Transmission, Infectious --- Human Subjects --- Human Subject --- Research Subject --- Subject, Human --- Subject, Research --- Subjects, Human --- Subjects, Research --- Attitudes --- Opinions --- Opinion --- Intention --- Consent, Informed --- Treatment Refusal --- Disclosure --- Therapeutic Misconception --- Egoism --- Ethical Issues --- Metaethics --- Moral Policy --- Natural Law --- Situational Ethics --- Ethical Issue --- Ethics, Situational --- Issue, Ethical --- Issues, Ethical --- Law, Natural --- Laws, Natural --- Moral Policies --- Natural Laws --- Policies, Moral --- Policy, Moral --- Censorship, Research --- Community Health --- Environment, Preventive Medicine & Public Health --- Environment, Preventive Medicine and Public Health --- Health, Community --- Health, Public --- Education, Public Health Professional --- Governmental Commissions --- Review Committees --- Task Forces --- Advisory Committee --- Commission, Governmental --- Commissions, Governmental --- Committee, Advisory --- Committee, Review --- Committees, Advisory --- Committees, Review --- Governmental Commission --- Review Committee --- Task Force --- Community Services --- Services, Community --- Community Service --- Service, Community --- Welfare, Social --- Public Assistance --- Developing Nations --- Least Developed Countries --- Less-Developed Nations --- Third-World Nations --- Under-Developed Nations --- Less-Developed Countries --- Third-World Countries --- Under-Developed Countries --- Countries, Developing --- Countries, Least Developed --- Countries, Less-Developed --- Countries, Third-World --- Countries, Under-Developed --- Country, Developing --- Country, Least Developed --- Country, Less-Developed --- Country, Third-World --- Country, Under-Developed --- Developed Countries, Least --- Developed Country, Least --- Developing Country --- Developing Nation --- Least Developed Country --- Less Developed Countries --- Less Developed Nations --- Less-Developed Country --- Less-Developed Nation --- Nation, Less-Developed --- Nation, Third-World --- Nation, Under-Developed --- Nations, Developing --- Nations, Less-Developed --- Nations, Third-World --- Nations, Under-Developed --- Third World Countries --- Third World Nations --- Third-World Country --- Third-World Nation --- Under Developed Countries --- Under Developed Nations --- Under-Developed Country --- Under-Developed Nation --- Prescription Drug Abuse --- Substance Addiction --- Chemical Dependence --- Drug Abuse --- Drug Addiction --- Drug Dependence --- Drug Habituation --- Drug Use Disorders --- Organic Mental Disorders, Substance-Induced --- Substance Abuse --- Substance Dependence --- Substance Use --- Substance Use Disorders --- Abuse, Drug --- Abuse, Prescription Drug --- Abuse, Substance --- Addiction, Drug --- Addiction, Substance --- Chemical Dependences --- Dependence, Chemical --- Dependence, Drug --- Dependence, Substance --- Dependences, Chemical --- Disorder, Drug Use --- Disorder, Substance Use --- Drug Abuse, Prescription --- Drug Use Disorder --- Habituation, Drug --- Organic Mental Disorders, Substance Induced --- Substance Abuses --- Substance Use Disorder --- Substance Uses --- Use, Substance --- Drug and Narcotic Control --- Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders --- Psychoses, Alcoholic --- Social Problems --- Illicit Drugs --- Designer Drugs --- Behavior, Addictive --- Codependency, Psychological --- Alcohol-Related Disorders --- Prescription Drug Misuse --- Regulation --- Social Control --- Control, Social --- Controls, Social --- Formal Social Control --- Formal Social Controls --- Regulations --- Social Controls --- Homosexuality, Ego-Dystonic --- Ego-Dystonic Homosexuality --- Homosexuality, Ego Dystonic --- Sexual and Gender Minorities --- Regional Ethics Committees --- Institutional Ethics Committees --- Committee, Ethics --- Committee, Institutional Ethics --- Committee, Regional Ethics --- Committees, Ethics --- Committees, Institutional Ethics --- Committees, Regional Ethics --- Ethics Committee --- Ethics Committee, Institutional --- Ethics Committee, Regional --- Ethics Committees, Institutional --- Ethics Committees, Regional --- Institutional Ethics Committee --- Regional Ethics Committee --- Animal Care Committees --- Data Adjustment --- Data Reporting --- Design, Experimental --- Designs, Experimental --- Error Sources --- Experimental Designs --- Matched Groups --- Methodology, Research --- Problem Formulation --- Research Methodology --- Research Proposal --- Research Strategy --- Research Technics --- Research Techniques --- Scoring Methods --- Experimental Design --- Adjustment, Data --- Adjustments, Data --- Data Adjustments --- Design, Research --- Designs, Research --- Error Source --- Formulation, Problem --- Formulations, Problem --- Group, Matched --- Groups, Matched --- Matched Group --- Method, Scoring --- Methods, Scoring --- Problem Formulations --- Proposal, Research --- Proposals, Research --- Reporting, Data --- Research Designs --- Research Proposals --- Research Strategies --- Research Technic --- Research Technique --- Scoring Method --- Source, Error --- Sources, Error --- Strategies, Research --- Strategy, Research --- Technic, Research --- Technics, Research --- Technique, Research --- Techniques, Research --- Clinical Trials Data Monitoring Committees --- Randomization --- Allocation, Random --- Behavior Control --- Mandatory Programs --- Informed Consent By Minors --- AIDS Vaccine --- HIV Vaccine --- HIV Vaccines --- Vaccine, AIDS --- Vaccine, HIV --- Common Good --- Justice --- Obligations of Society --- Good, Common --- Justice, Social --- Relative Risk --- Relative Risks --- Risk, Relative --- Risks --- Risks, Relative --- Incidence --- Risk Reduction Behavior --- Harm Reduction --- Anti-Semitism --- Implicit Bias --- Islamophobia --- Anti Semitism --- Anti-Semitisms --- Bia, Implicit --- Bias, Implicit --- Islamophobias --- Prejudices --- Medical Ethics --- Professionalism --- Bioethics --- Board, Institutional Review --- Boards, Institutional Review --- Ethics Committee, Research --- IRB --- IRBs --- Institutional Review Board --- Research Ethics Committee --- Research Ethics Committees --- Review Board, Institutional --- Review Boards, Institutional --- Institutional Review Boards --- Committee, Research Ethics --- Committees, Research Ethics --- Review, Ethical --- Peer Review --- Affirmative Action --- Migration Policy --- Population Policy --- Social Protection --- Social Policy --- Action, Affirmative --- Migration Policies --- Policies, Migration --- Policies, Population --- Policies, Public --- Policies, Social --- Policy, Migration --- Policy, Population --- Policy, Public --- Policy, Social --- Population Policies --- Protection, Social --- Public Policies --- Social Policies --- Research Subject Selection --- Selection for Treatment --- Selection of Research Volunteers --- Selection of Subjects --- Patient Recruitment --- Research Subject Recruitment --- Selection Criteria --- Criteria, Selection --- Recruitment, Patient --- Recruitment, Research Subject --- Recruitments, Research Subject --- Research Subject Recruitments --- Research Subject Selections --- Research Volunteers Selection --- Research Volunteers Selections --- Selection for Treatments --- Selection, Patient --- Selection, Research Subject --- Selections, Research Subject --- Subject Recruitment, Research --- Subject Recruitments, Research --- Subject Selection, Research --- Subject Selections, Research --- Subjects Selection --- Subjects Selections --- Treatment, Selection for --- Treatments, Selection for --- Volunteers Selection, Research --- Clinical Protocols --- Health Care Rationing --- Competence --- Incompetence, Mental --- Mental Competence --- Competency, Mental --- Incompetency, Mental --- Competence, Mental --- Mental Incompetence --- Mental Incompetency --- Insanity Defense --- Comprehension --- Immunologic Sensitization --- Immunological Stimulation --- Sensitization, Immunological --- Stimulation, Immunologic --- Immunologic Stimulation --- Immunostimulation --- Sensitization, Immunologic --- Variolation --- Immunizations --- Immunological Sensitization --- Immunological Sensitizations --- Immunological Stimulations --- Sensitizations, Immunological --- Stimulation, Immunological --- Stimulations, Immunological --- Variolations --- Human Research Subject Protection --- Experimentation, Human --- Helsinki Declaration --- Embryo Research --- Fetal Research --- AIDS Seroconversion --- AIDS Seropositivity --- Anti-HIV Positivity --- HIV Antibody Positivity --- HIV Seroconversion --- HTLV-III Seroconversion --- HTLV-III Seropositivity --- AIDS Seroconversions --- AIDS Seropositivities --- Anti HIV Positivity --- Anti-HIV Positivities --- Antibody Positivities, HIV --- Antibody Positivity, HIV --- HIV Antibody Positivities --- HIV Seroconversions --- HIV Seropositivities --- HTLV III Seroconversion --- HTLV III Seropositivity --- HTLV-III Seroconversions --- HTLV-III Seropositivities --- Positivities, Anti-HIV --- Positivities, HIV Antibody --- Positivity, Anti-HIV --- Positivity, HIV Antibody --- Seroconversion, AIDS --- Seroconversion, HIV --- Seroconversion, HTLV-III --- Seroconversions, AIDS --- Seroconversions, HIV --- Seroconversions, HTLV-III --- Seropositivities, AIDS --- Seropositivities, HIV --- Seropositivities, HTLV-III --- Seropositivity, AIDS --- Seropositivity, HIV --- Seropositivity, HTLV-III --- HIV Testing --- AIDS Serodiagnosis --- HIV Seronegativity --- HIV Coinfection --- HTLV-III Infections --- HTLV-III-LAV Infections --- T-Lymphotropic Virus Type III Infections, Human --- Coinfection, HIV --- Coinfections, HIV --- HIV Coinfections --- HIV Infection --- HTLV III Infections --- HTLV III LAV Infections --- HTLV-III Infection --- HTLV-III-LAV Infection --- Infection, HIV --- Infection, HTLV-III --- Infection, HTLV-III-LAV --- Infections, HIV --- Infections, HTLV-III --- Infections, HTLV-III-LAV --- T Lymphotropic Virus Type III Infections, Human --- Government Regulation and Oversight --- Government Regulations --- Regulation, Government --- Regulations, Government --- Border Crossing --- Chain Migration --- Emigration --- In-Migration --- International Migration --- Out-Migration --- Return Migration --- Settlement and Resettlement --- Temporary Migration --- Turnaround Migration --- Immigration --- Labor Migration --- Border Crossings --- Chain Migrations --- Crossing, Border --- Crossings, Border --- Emigrations --- Immigration and Emigration --- Immigrations --- In Migration --- In-Migrations --- International Migrations --- Labor Migrations --- Migration, Chain --- Migration, International --- Migration, Labor --- Migration, Return --- Migration, Temporary --- Migration, Turnaround --- Migrations, Chain --- Migrations, International --- Migrations, Labor --- Migrations, Return --- Migrations, Temporary --- Migrations, Turnaround --- Out Migration --- Out-Migrations --- Resettlement and Settlement --- Return Migrations --- Temporary Migrations --- Turnaround Migrations --- Emigrants and Immigrants --- Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome --- Acquired Immuno-Deficiency Syndrome --- AIDS --- Immunodeficiency Syndrome, Acquired --- Immunologic Deficiency Syndrome, Acquired --- Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome --- Acquired Immuno-Deficiency Syndromes --- Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndromes --- Immuno-Deficiency Syndrome, Acquired --- Immuno-Deficiency Syndromes, Acquired --- Immunodeficiency Syndromes, Acquired --- Syndrome, Acquired Immuno-Deficiency --- Syndrome, Acquired Immunodeficiency --- Syndromes, Acquired Immuno-Deficiency --- Syndromes, Acquired Immunodeficiency --- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes --- HIV-1 --- AIDS Arteritis, Central Nervous System --- Health Risk Assessment --- Risks and Benefits --- Assessment, Risk --- Benefit-Risk Assessment --- Risk Analysis --- Risk-Benefit Assessment --- Analysis, Risk --- Assessment, Benefit-Risk --- Assessment, Health Risk --- Assessment, Risk-Benefit --- Benefit Risk Assessment --- Benefit-Risk Assessments --- Benefits and Risks --- Health Risk Assessments --- Risk Analyses --- Risk Assessment, Health --- Risk Assessments --- Risk Benefit Assessment --- Risk-Benefit Assessments --- Controlled clinical trials --- Patient trials of new treatments --- Randomized clinical trials --- Trials, Clinical --- Clinical medicine --- Human experimentation in medicine --- Acquired immune deficiency syndrome --- Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome --- Acquired immunological deficiency syndrome --- HIV infections --- Immunological deficiency syndromes --- Virus-induced immunosuppression --- Clinical Trial as Topic --- Drug Evaluation --- Drugs, Investigational --- Therapies, Investigational --- Vaccination --- Moral and ethical aspects. --- Prevention --- prevention & control. --- Moral and ethical aspects --- therapy --- organization & administration --- methods --- deficiency --- ethics --- prevention & control --- Substance Related Disorder --- Disorder, Substance Related --- Disorders, Substance Related --- Related Disorder, Substance --- Related Disorders, Substance --- AIDS Vaccines. --- Clinical Trials as Topic. --- Ethics, Medical. --- Research. --- National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects. --- National Institutes of Health (U.S.) --- United States. --- Belmont Report. --- Declaration of Helsinki. --- Nuremberg Code.