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This work introduces a family of effective plate theories for multilayered materials with internal misfit. This is done for scaling laws ranging from Kirchhoff's theory to the linearised von Kármán one. An intermediate von Kármán-like theory is introduced to play a central interpolating role with a new parameter which switches between the adjacent regimes. After proving the necessary Gamma-convergence and compactness results, minimising configurations are characterised. Finally, the interpolating theory is numerically approximated using a discrete gradient flow and the relevant Gamma-convergence and compactness results for the discretisation are proved. This provides empirical evidence for the existence of a critical region of the parameter around which minimisers experience a stark qualitative change.
Mathematics. --- Math --- Science --- elastic plates --- effective model hierarchy --- gamma convergence --- non-conforming penalty method --- Kirchhoff
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This text is the first to present cultural hegemony in its original form - as a process of consent, resistance, and coercion. Hegemony is illustrated with examples from American history and contemporary culture, including practices that represent race, gender and class in everyday life.
Popular culture --- Dominance (Psychology) --- Social hierarchy (Psychology) --- Control (Psychology) --- Social groups --- United States --- Social conditions --- Civilization.
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In order to guarantee efficient material supply of production areas, it is crucial to choose the adequate tote carrier for every single part number. Choosing a tote carrier is subject to many parameters. Yet, surveys show that this choice is often based only on the size, ignoring other aspects. This means wrong choices and wasted capital. Thus, an approach to solve this issue, a new model and possible benefits are presented.
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This short, engaging volume develops new and sociologically sophisticated concepts to bring the fields of biology and sociology together. It is about the social biology of face-to-face dominance interactions and explores the evolution of behavior through connections among biology, language, culture, and socialization. Meant to be a self-contained exploration_sociologists would require no prior knowledge of biology; biologists would require no prior knowledge of sociology_this book is a fun, informative supplement for courses throughout sociology and the social sciences.
Dominance (Psychology) --- Psychology, Comparative. --- Social hierarchy in animals. --- Dominance (Psychology). --- Social hierarchy in animals --- Psychology, Comparative --- Social Sciences --- Psychology --- Behavior, Comparative --- Comparative behavior --- Comparative psychology --- Ethology, Comparative --- Intelligence of animals --- Dominance organization in animals --- Hook order --- Peck order --- Peck right hierarchy --- Pecking order --- Rank order (Social hierarchy in animals) --- Social hierarchy (Psychology) --- Zoology --- Animal behavior --- Animal intelligence --- Animal psychology --- Human behavior --- Instinct --- Social behavior in animals --- Control (Psychology) --- Social groups
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The second volume is devoted to issues of compositionality that arouse in the sciences of language, the investigation of the mind, and the modeling of representational brain functions. How could compositional languages evolve? How many sentences are needed to learn a compositional language? How does compositionality relate to the interpretation of texts, the generation of idioms and metaphors, and the understanding of aberrant expressions? What psychological mechanism underlies the combination of complex concepts? And finally, what neuronal structure can possibly realize a compositional system of mental representations?
Compositionality (Linguistics) --- Linguistics. --- Linguistic science --- Science of language --- Language and languages --- Composition (Linguistics) --- Grammar, Comparative and general --- Semantics --- Hierarchy (Linguistics)
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Representational systems such as language, mind and perhaps even the brain exhibit a structure that is often assumed to be compositional. That is, the semantic value of a complex representation is determined by the semantic value of their parts and the way they are put together. Dating back to the late 19th century, the principle of compositionality has regained wide attention recently. Since the principle has been dealt with very differently across disciplines, the aim of the two volumes is to bring together the diverging approaches. They assemble a collection of original papers that cover
Compositionality (Linguistics) --- Cognition. --- Meaning (Philosophy) --- Philosophy --- Semantics (Philosophy) --- Psychology --- Composition (Linguistics) --- Grammar, Comparative and general --- Semantics --- Hierarchy (Linguistics)
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This edited collection explores the contemporary proliferation of roads in South Asia and the Tibet-Himalaya region, showing how new infrastructures simultaneously create fresh connections and reinforce existing inequalities. Bringing together ethnographic studies on the social politics of road development and new mobilities in 21st-century Asia, it demonstrates that while new roads generate new forms of hierarchy, older forms of hierarchy are remade and re-established in creative and surprising new ways. Focused on South Asia but speaking to more global phenomena, the chapters collectively reveal how road planning, construction and usage routinely yield a simultaneous reinforcement and disruption of social, political, and economic relations.
BUSINESS & ECONOMICS / Infrastructure. --- Roads --- Social aspects. --- Highways --- Roadways --- Thoroughfares --- Transportation --- Highway engineering --- Pavements --- Roads, Infrastructure, Mobility, Hierarchy, Social Relations.
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"Three hundred years ago in Sweden, if a man and his late wife’s sister had sex they ran the risk of being executed. The relationship was defined as an incestuous one, and reprieves were rare. Today, Swedish legislation is among the most liberal in the world. How can such a radical change be accounted for? The earliest prohibitions against incest came from the Bible, which is why biological kinship and kinship based on marriage were held to be equivalent. Consequently, incest prohibitions around 1700 covered many more relationship categories than exist today. Right up to the late nineteenth century, most incest crimes corresponded to voluntary unions between two adults who were not related by blood. Analysing both incest crimes and applications for dispensation to marry from 1680 to 1940, this book reveals the norms underpinning Swedish society’s shifting attitudes to incestuous relations, while considering developments in relation to other European countries. Making a remarkable contribution to social and legal history, 'Incest in Sweden' reveals that, while the debate on incest has historically been dominated by religious, moral and – in due course – medical notions, the values that actually determined the outcome of incest cases were frequently of a quite different character." -- Publisher..
Incest --- History. --- Law and legislation --- Religious aspects. --- incest --- incest taboo --- kinship --- marriage applications --- family hierarchy --- family history --- cultural history
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Individuals are things that everybody knows-or thinks they do. Yet even scholars who practice or analyze the biological sciences often cannot agree on what an individual is and why. One reason for this disagreement is that the many important biological individuality concepts serve very different purposes-defining, classifying, or explaining living structure, function, interaction, persistence, or evolution. Indeed, as the contributors to Biological Individuality reveal, nature is too messy for simple definitions of this concept, organisms too quirky in the diverse ways they reproduce, function, and interact, and human ideas about individuality too fraught with philosophical and historical meaning. Bringing together biologists, historians, and philosophers, this book provides a multifaceted exploration of biological individuality that identifies leading and less familiar perceptions of individuality both past and present, what they are good for, and in what contexts. Biological practice and theory recognize individuals at myriad levels of organization, from genes to organisms to symbiotic systems. We depend on these notions of individuality to address theoretical questions about multilevel natural selection and Darwinian fitness; to illuminate empirical questions about development, function, and ecology; to ground philosophical questions about the nature of organisms and causation; and to probe historical and cultural circumstances that resonate with parallel questions about the nature of society. Charting an interdisciplinary research agenda that broadens the frameworks in which biological individuality is discussed, this book makes clear that in the realm of the individual, there is not and should not be a direct path from biological paradigms based on model organisms through to philosophical generalization and historical reification.
Biology --- Variation (Biology) --- Philosophy. --- autonomy. --- biological hierarchy. --- identity. --- individuality. --- individuation. --- levels of individuality. --- major transitions. --- organism. --- part-whole relations. --- pluralism.
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