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Due to the ongoing rise in sea level and increases in extreme wave climates, which consequently change the wave climate, coastal structures such as sea dikes and seawalls are exposed to severe and frequent sea storms. Even though much research related to wave–structure interactions has been carried out, it remains one of the most important and challenging topics in the field of coastal engineering. The recent publications in the Special Issue “Wave Interactions with Coastal Structures” in the Journal of Marine Science and Engineering include a wide range of research, including theoretical/mathematical, experimental, and numerical work related to the interaction between sea waves and coastal structures. These publications address conventional coastal hard structures in deep water zones as well as those located in shallow water zones, such as wave overtopping over shallow foreshores with apartment buildings on dikes. The research findings presented help to improve our knowledge of hydrodynamic processes, and the new approaches and developments presented here will be good benchmarks for future work.

shallow waters --- wave energy --- coastal erosion --- beach restoration --- submerged breakwaters --- protected nourishments --- wave overtopping --- coastal safety --- flow velocity --- flow depth --- sea dikes --- overtopping reduction --- force reduction --- oblique waves --- storm return wall --- EurOtop manual --- validation --- wave modelling --- shallow foreshore --- dike-mounted vertical wall --- wave impact loads --- OpenFOAM --- average overtopping discharge --- individual volume --- overtopping flow depth --- overtopping flow velocity --- promenade --- vertical wall --- SWASH --- fluid–structure interaction --- waves --- smoothed particle hydrodynamics --- SPH --- Pont del Petroli --- storm Gloria --- inter-model comparison --- DualSPHysics --- wave pressure --- caisson breakwater --- stability --- RANS model --- solitary wave --- fully nonlinear wave --- three-dimensional wave --- partially submerged cylinder --- hollow circular cylinder --- tsunami --- wave --- bore --- flooding --- debris --- numerical modeling --- SPH–FEM coupling --- coastal structures --- n/a --- fluid-structure interaction --- SPH-FEM coupling

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The state-of-the-art in water-worked bed hydraulics can only be examined through a careful exploration of the experimental (both laboratory and field) results via theoretical development. This book is primarily focused on the research aspects that involve a comprehensive knowledge of sediment dynamics in turbulent flows, as the most up-to-date research findings in the field are presented. It begins with two reviews on bedload transport and water-work bed experimental studies. The sediment dynamics is then analyzed from a classical perspective by applying the mean bed shear approach and additionally incorporating a statistical description for the role of turbulence. The work finally examines the local scour problems at hydraulic structures and results from field studies. It is intended as a course guide for field professionals, keeping up with modern technological developments. Therefore, as a simple prerequisite, readers should have a basic knowledge of hydraulics to an undergraduate level.

risk assessment --- n/a --- heavy metals --- sand waves --- scour depth --- in-stream structures --- backwater effect --- friction factor --- natural sandy bed river --- morphology --- turbulent flow --- sediment --- flood --- spur dike --- water reservoir --- local bed shear stress --- gravel-bed stream --- logarithmic law of the wall --- environmental variables --- mountain stream --- experiments --- scour holes --- drag-reducing flows --- flow type --- Three Gorges Reservoir --- hysteresis --- acoustic Doppler velocimeter --- check dam --- bedload --- granular beds --- bed-load transport --- aquatic plants --- flow velocity measurements --- groyne type --- fluvial hydraulics --- groyne field --- flow resistance --- water-worked gravel bed --- Mountain River --- aquatic plant biomechanics --- von Kármán parameter ? --- bed shear stress --- river morphology --- river --- turbulent kinetic energy --- scour --- von Kármán parameter ?

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River discharge is a fundamental hydrologic quantity that summarizes how a watershed transforms the input of precipitation into output as channelized streamflow. Accurate discharge measurements are critical for a range of applications including water supply, navigation, recreation, management of in-stream habitat, and the prediction and monitoring of floods and droughts. However, the traditional stream gage networks that provide such data are sparse and declining. Remote sensing represents an appealing alternative for obtaining streamflow information. Potential advantages include greater efficiency, expanded coverage, increased measurement frequency, lower cost and reduced risk to field personnel. In addition, remote sensing provides opportunities to examine long river segments with continuous coverage and high spatial resolution. To realize these benefits, research must focus on the remote measurement of flow velocity, channel geometry and their product: river discharge. This Special Issue fostered the development of novel methods for retrieving discharge and its components, and thus stimulated progress toward an operational capacity for streamflow monitoring. The papers herein address all aspects of the remote measurement of streamflow—estimation of flow velocity, bathymetry (water depth), and discharge—from various types of remotely sensed data acquired from a range of platforms: manned and unmanned aircraft, satellites, and ground-based non-contact sensors.

estuary --- morphology --- rapid assessment --- bathymetry --- flow velocity --- salinity --- tool --- remotely-sensed imagery --- small unmanned aerial system (sUAS) --- river flow --- thermal infrared imagery --- particle image velocimetry --- lidar bathymetry --- fluvial --- geomorphology --- change detection --- remotely piloted aircraft system --- refraction correction --- structure-from-motion photogrammetry --- water surface elevation --- topographic error --- machine learning --- UAV LiDAR --- airborne laser bathymetry --- full waveform processing --- performance assessment --- high resolution hydro-mapping --- remote sensing --- rivers --- discharge --- hydrology --- modelling --- ungauged basins --- Alaska --- river --- PIV --- large-scale particle image velocimetry --- LSPIV --- surface velocity --- river discharge --- Doppler radar --- pulsed radar --- probability concept --- water temperature --- salmonids --- Pend Oreille River --- thermal infrared (TIR) --- acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) --- channel bathymetry --- cold-water refuge --- dam --- flooding --- high-water marks (HWMs) --- small unmanned aircraft systems (sUAS) --- drone --- photogrammetry --- hydraulic modeling --- aerial photography --- surveying --- inundation --- Landsat --- streamflow --- flow frequency --- satellite revisit time --- flow regime

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Unconventional reservoirs are usually complex and highly heterogeneous, such as shale, coal, and tight sandstone reservoirs. The strong physical and chemical interactions between fluids and pore surfaces lead to the inapplicability of conventional approaches for characterizing fluid flow in these low-porosity and ultralow-permeability reservoir systems. Therefore, new theories and techniques are urgently needed to characterize petrophysical properties, fluid transport, and their relationships at multiple scales for improving production efficiency from unconventional reservoirs. This book presents fundamental innovations gathered from 21 recent works on novel applications of new techniques and theories in unconventional reservoirs, covering the fields of petrophysical characterization, hydraulic fracturing, fluid transport physics, enhanced oil recovery, and geothermal energy. Clearly, the research covered in this book is helpful to understand and master the latest techniques and theories for unconventional reservoirs, which have important practical significance for the economic and effective development of unconventional oil and gas resources.

shale gas --- permeability --- prediction by NMR logs --- matrix–fracture interaction --- faults --- remaining oil distributions --- unconventional reservoirs --- coal deformation --- reservoir depletion --- carbonate reservoir --- nanopore --- fracturing fluid --- pseudo-potential model --- shale reservoirs --- matrix-fracture interactions --- multi-scale fracture --- succession pseudo-steady state (SPSS) method --- fluid transport physics --- integrated methods --- chelating agent --- dissolved gas --- non-equilibrium permeability --- effective stress --- fractal --- fracture network --- spontaneous imbibition --- tight oil --- porous media --- 0-1 programming --- the average flow velocity --- geothermal water --- micro-fracture --- pore types --- pore network model --- petrophysical characterization --- nitrogen adsorption --- analysis of influencing factors --- mudstone --- rheology --- velocity profile --- shale permeability --- flow resistance --- global effect --- tight sandstones --- fractal dimension --- contact angle --- temperature-resistance --- fractured well transient productivity --- reservoir classifications --- deep circulation groundwater --- viscosity --- NMR --- fractional diffusion --- lattice Boltzmann method --- multiporosity and multiscale --- fractal geometry --- imbibition front --- productivity contribution degree of multimedium --- wetting angle --- pH of formation water --- enhanced oil recovery --- isotopes --- tight sandstone --- fracture diversion --- shale --- SRV-fractured horizontal well --- low-salinity water flooding --- shale gas reservoir --- tight reservoirs --- fracture continuum method --- tight oil reservoir --- Lucaogou Formation --- hydraulic fracturing --- clean fracturing fluid --- recovery factor --- flow regimes --- local effect --- complex fracture network --- pore structure --- gas adsorption capacity --- polymer --- non-linear flow --- conformable derivative --- production simulation --- analytical model --- enhanced geothermal system --- multi-scale flow --- experimental evaluation --- extended finite element method --- fluid-solid interaction --- groundwater flow --- well-placement optimization --- thickener --- imbibition recovery --- equilibrium permeability --- slip length --- large density ratio --- clay mineral composition --- finite volume method --- volume fracturing --- influential factors --- sulfonate gemini surfactant

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Steel is a critical material in our societies and will remain an important one for a long time into the future. In the last two decades, the world steel industry has gone through drastic changes and this is predicted to continue in the future. The Asian countries (e.g. China, India) have been dominant in the production of steel creating global over-capacity, while the steel industry in the developed countries have made tremendous efforts to reinforce its global leadership in process technology and product development, and remain sustainable and competitive. The global steel industry is also facing various grand challenges in strict environmental regulation, new energy and materials sources, and ever-increasing customer requirements for high quality steel products, which has been addressed accordingly by the global iron and steel community. This Special Issue, “Ironmaking and Steelmaking”, released by the journal Metals, published 33 high quality articles from the international iron and steel community, covering the state-of-the-art of the ironmaking and steelmaking processes. This includes fundamental understanding, experimental investigation, pilot plant trials, industrial applications and big data utilization in the improvement and optimization of existing processes, and research and development in transformative technologies. It is hoped that the creation of this special issue as a scientific platform will help drive the iron and steel community to build a sustainable steel industry.

artificial neural network --- n/a --- corrosion --- inclusion control --- steel-making --- simulation --- liquid steel --- phosphate capacity --- slag --- hydrogen --- TG analysis --- surface roughness --- iron sulfate --- shot peening --- refining kinetics --- iso-conversional method --- oxygen blast furnace --- Barkhausen noise --- gas flow rate --- ductile cast iron --- toughness --- self-reduction briquette --- Mg deoxidation --- phosphorus distribution ratio --- iron oxides --- phase analysis --- desiliconisation --- solid flow --- CaO/Al2O3 ratio --- surface depression --- carbothermal reduction --- rotary hearth furnace --- torrefied biomass --- hot metal pre-treatment --- inclusions --- microwaves --- ironmaking --- reactivity --- CaO–based slags --- high-aluminum iron ore --- oxides --- HPSR --- internal crack --- fluorapatite --- crystallization rate --- COREX --- liquid area --- Al addition --- Wilcox–Swailes coefficient --- plasma arc --- evaluation of coupling relationship --- penetration theory --- silicate crystals --- ionization degree --- pellet size --- prediction model --- continuous casting --- direct element method --- modified NPL model --- slag film --- volatile matter --- crystallite size --- Al-TRIP steel --- viscosity --- anosovite crystals --- slag formation --- CO2 emissions --- integrated steel plant --- flow pattern --- high-heat-input welding --- dephosphorisation --- copper stave --- direct reduction --- shrinkage --- Cr recovery --- chemical composition --- high speed steel --- material flow --- 33MnCrTiB --- gas-based reduction --- converter --- bio-coal --- flat steel --- sulfur distribution ratio --- cold experiment --- secondary refining process --- re-oxidation --- vaporization dephosphorization --- sulfide capacity --- electroslag cladding --- hydrogen attack --- oxygen steelmaking --- non-metallic inclusions --- cracks --- non-contact measurement --- energy consumption --- high-manganese iron ore --- non-metallic inclusion --- Ca deoxidation --- Ca-treatment --- compressive strength (CS) --- oil-pipeline steel --- thermal treatment --- carbon monoxide --- composite roll --- crystallization behaviors --- devolatilization --- carbon-saturated iron --- steelmaking factory --- slag crust --- combustion --- high heat input welding --- ore-carbon briquette --- activation energy --- flow velocity --- kinetics --- hydrogen plasma --- casting speed --- solid and gaseous oxygen --- hercynite --- low fluorine --- iron ore pellets --- fayalite --- heat-affected zone --- CO–CO2 atmosphere --- and nitrogen --- smelting reduction --- high-phosphorus iron ore --- iron oxide --- mold flux --- BaO --- intragranular acicular ferrite --- carbon composite pellet --- electrolytic extraction --- iron ore --- carbon dioxide --- agglomerate --- vanadium titano-magnetite --- emission spectrum --- static process model --- concentrate --- structure --- titanium slag --- bonding interface --- fork --- blast furnace --- reaction mechanism --- reduction --- synergistic reduction --- injection --- principal component analysis --- ultrafine particles exposure --- CaO-based slags --- Wilcox-Swailes coefficient --- CO-CO2 atmosphere