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Fluid and flow problems in porous media have attracted the attention of industrialists, engineers and scientists from varying disciplines, such as chemical, environmental, and mechanical engineering, geothermal physics and food science. There has been a increasing interest in heat and fluid flows through porous media, making this book a timely and appropriate resource.Each chapter is systematically detailed to be easily grasped by a research worker with basic knowledge of fluid mechanics, heat transfer and computational and experimental methods. At the same time, the readers will be in

532.546 --- 631.432.3 --- 664.8.036 --- In porous media --- Permeability. Lessivage. Leaching. Mobility of soil constituents --- Food preservation by heating --- 664.8.036 Food preservation by heating --- 631.432.3 Permeability. Lessivage. Leaching. Mobility of soil constituents --- 532.546 In porous media --- Transport theory. --- Porous materials. --- Porous materials --- Fluid mechanics. --- Hydromechanics --- Continuum mechanics --- Porous media --- Materials --- Porosity --- Boltzmann transport equation --- Transport phenomena --- Mathematical physics --- Particles (Nuclear physics) --- Radiation --- Statistical mechanics --- Thermal properties. --- Fluid dynamics.

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ASTRONOMERS’ OBSERVING GUIDES provide up-to-date information for amateur astronomers who want to know all about what it is they are observing. This is the basis of the first part of the book. The second part details observing techniques for practical astronomers, working with a range of different instruments. Have you ever been on the beach at night, watching the sky overhead, and seen streaks of light against the background of stars? Though many people still refer to these as shooting stars, they are, of course, not stars. They are meteors—small chunks of rock and ice debris from disintegrating comets that are careening through our Solar System and sometimes enter Earth’s atmosphere. Most are so small that they burn up as they enter the atmosphere. These are called meteors. In a meteor shower, many meteors can be seen streaking across the sky in a short time. A few meteors make it through intact and descend to Earth as meteorites. Watching these beautiful streaks of light in the sky can be an exciting pastime, and it can result in some important science. Robert Lunsford explains what meteors are, where they come from, and what happens to them as they whiz through space and enter our atmosphere. He tells how to observe meteors and meteor showers, what equipment to use, what you should look for, where you should look, and much more. Armed with the information in this book and with very little effort and equipment, you can begin your regular search of the heavens right now and join the ranks of those who have made this rewarding pastime a lifetime hobby. Practical Astronomy ISBN 978-0-387-09460-1 springer.com.

Meteors --- Astronomy --- Popular works. --- Planetology. --- Observations, Astronomical. --- Space sciences. --- Astronomy. --- Popular Science. --- Popular Science in Astronomy. --- Extraterrestrial Physics, Space Sciences. --- Astronomy, Observations and Techniques. --- Physical sciences --- Space sciences --- Science and space --- Space research --- Cosmology --- Science --- Astronomical observations --- Observations, Astronomical --- Planetary sciences --- Planetology --- Observations. --- Astronomical meteors --- Falling stars --- Fireballs (Meteors) --- Shooting stars (Meteors) --- Stars, Falling --- Stars, Shooting --- Near-Earth objects --- Plant products. --- Phytochemistry. Phytobiochemistry --- 581.1 --- 581.19 --- 581.19 Chemical constituents of plants --- Chemical constituents of plants --- 581.1 Plant physiology --- Plant physiology --- Plant products --- Produits végétaux --- Astrophysics. --- Space Sciences (including Extraterrestrial Physics, Space Exploration and Astronautics). --- Astronomical physics --- Cosmic physics --- Physics --- Astronomy—Observations.

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At first glance, campaign finance reform looks like a good idea. McCain-Feingold, for instance, regulates campaigns by prohibiting national political parties from accepting soft money contributions from corporations, labor unions, and wealthy individuals. But are such measures, or any of the numerous and similarly restrictive proposals that have circulated through Washington in recent years, really good for our democracy?. John Samples says no, and here he takes a penetrating look into the premises and consequences of the long crusade against big money in politics. How many Americans, he asks,

Campaign funds --- Law and legislation --- campaign finance reform, politics, political science, party system, interest groups, lobbying, corruption, elections, candidates, fundraising, campaigning, nonfiction, government, democracy, regulation, mccain-feingold, soft money, corporations, unions, wealth, congress, negative ads, voter turnout, incumbents, constituents, electoral competition, funds, law, legislation, electorate, constituency, representation, equality, voting.

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Friction stir welding (FSW) is considered to be the most significant development in metal joining in decades and, in addition, is a ""green"" technology due to its energy efficiency, environmental friendliness, and versatility. This process offers a number of advantages over conventional joining processes. Furthermore, because welding occurs via the deformation of material at temperatures below the melting temperature, many problems commonly associated with joining of dissimilar alloys can be avoided, and thus, high-quality welds are produced. Due to this fact, FSW has been widely used in different industrial applications where metallurgical characteristics should be retained, such as in the aeronautic, naval, and automotive industries.

n/a --- microstructure --- material flow --- stainless steel --- materials position --- friction stir processing --- surface composites --- material orientation --- high nitrogen steel --- force–deflection model --- FSW --- mechanical properties --- FSW process --- dissimilar metal welding --- lognormal distribution --- grain orientation --- dissimilar joints --- friction-stir welding --- pin shapes --- deflection compensation control --- plunge depth control --- process analysis --- high-temperature softening materials --- Al/Fe dissimilar joining --- post-weld heat treatment --- aluminum alloy --- abnormal grain growth --- particle distribution --- intermetallic compounds --- non-equilibrium segregation --- microstructure analysis --- tilt angle --- Vickers microhardness --- the rotational speeds --- adaptive control --- offset position control --- friction stir spot welding --- friction --- plunge depth --- mechanical strength --- mechanical behaviour --- dissimilar welded joints --- friction stir welding --- Fe-containing constituents --- high rotation speed friction stir welding --- force-deflection model

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In recent years, there has been rapid growth in the availability of innovative, non-combustible products, including oral tobacco-derived nicotine (OTDN) products, heated tobacco products (HTPs), and electronic cigarettes (also referred to as e-vapor products; EVPs). Industry, academic, and government researchers are developing and validating analytical methods to extract, separate, identify, and quantitate a variety of analytes from these innovative tobacco products using a wide range of analytical techniques. These analytes include constituents such as nicotine, degradants and impurities, flavors, non-tobacco ingredients, HPHCs, and other currently unknown constituents. In this Special Issue, we received nine contributions that covered the latest analytical methods that have been developed and applied for the chemical characterization or exposure assessment to tobacco product constituents of innovative non-combustible products. This Special Issue is representative of the importance of analytical sciences research in characterizing innovative non-combustible products for guiding product design, determining relative product performance, ensuring consistency during the manufacturing process, informing toxicological risk assessment, and enabling regulatory reporting. The current advances in the development and applications of the analytical methods reported in this Special Issue can be used to inform the harm reduction potential of innovative non-combustible products for adult smokers.

on!® nicotine pouches --- nicotine --- dissolution --- release profile --- validation --- product assessment --- smokeless tobacco product --- nicotine degradants --- nicotine-related impurities --- alkaloids --- nicotine degradation products --- nicotine pouches --- reduced-risk products --- constituents --- method development --- method validation --- JUUL --- aerosol --- non-targeted analysis --- chemical characterization --- ENDS --- e-cigarette --- GC–MS --- LC–HRMS --- e-liquid --- 2,4-DNPH derivatization --- formaldehyde --- “hidden formaldehyde” --- formaldehyde-containing hemiacetal/acetal adducts --- HPHC --- GC-MS --- 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene --- LC–MS/MS --- urine --- human biomonitoring --- derivatization --- potentially reduced-risk products --- propylene glycol --- electronic cigarette --- biomarker of exposure --- compliance marker --- oral tobacco derived nicotine (OTDN) pouches --- snus --- nicotine release --- nicotine dissolution --- nicotine extraction --- equivalence --- modern oral nicotine products --- HPHCs --- product characterizations --- n/a --- LC-HRMS --- --- LC-MS/MS