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Cell-based immunotherapy is based on the seemingly simple principle of harnessing the power of the immune system to combat cancer, and is emerging as an important clinical tool. The remarkable success of CAR-T cell therapies demonstrate that cell based therapies are effective at eradicating hematological malignancies, and therefore hold great promise for other cancers. However, there are number of challenges that limit the full potential of cell based therapies, especially for solid cancers. T cells and NK cells represent major lymphocyte populations that are involved in immune surveillance and tumor eradication, and both are emerging as important players for cell based immunotherapy. Although they use different mechanisms for recognizing cancer cells, they complement each other during tumor eradication. NK cells have many functional similarities to T cells and represent the closest innate immune cell lineage to adaptive immune cell populations. Transcriptome analysis has also revealed similar phylogenetic origin of the two lymphocyte populations. The hurdles that impact therapeutic success of these cells include trafficking of lymphocytes to the tumor sites, recognition of solid tumors, and overcoming the inhospitable tumor microenvironment (TME) including the presence of suppressive cells (Treg and MDSC) and immune suppressive cytokines (TGFβ). The full potential of cell based therapies may be realized once tools to overcome these barriers are developed. This Research Topic collects articles critically examining these obstacles and the novel strategies being developed for cell-based therapies to overcome them.

immunotherapy --- NK cell --- tumor micoenvironment --- CAR (chimeric antigen receptor) T cells --- cell based therapy

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Immunotherapy. --- Cancer --- Genetic engineering. --- Treatment. --- T cells. --- Neoplasms --- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell --- T-Lymphocytes --- Immunotherapy, Adoptive. --- therapy. --- therapeutic use. --- immunology. --- Adoptive Immunotherapy --- CAR T-Cell Therapy --- Cellular Immunotherapy, Adoptive --- Chimeric Antigen Receptor Therapy --- Immunotherapy, Adoptive Cellular --- Adoptive Cellular Immunotherapy --- Adoptive Cellular Immunotherapies --- Adoptive Immunotherapies --- CAR T Cell Therapy --- CAR T-Cell Therapies --- Cellular Immunotherapies, Adoptive --- Immunotherapies, Adoptive --- Immunotherapies, Adoptive Cellular --- T-Cell Therapies, CAR --- T-Cell Therapy, CAR --- Therapies, CAR T-Cell --- Therapy, CAR T-Cell --- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen --- Killer Cells, Lymphokine-Activated --- Cytapheresis --- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating --- Monocytes, Activated Killer --- Designed genetic change --- Engineering, Genetic --- Gene splicing --- Genetic intervention --- Genetic surgery --- Genetic recombination --- Biotechnology --- Transgenic organisms --- Cancer therapy --- Cancer treatment --- Therapeutic immunology --- Clinical immunology --- Therapeutics --- T lymphocytes --- Thymus-dependent cells --- Thymus-dependent lymphocytes --- Thymus-derived cells --- Lymphocytes --- Therapy --- Immunological aspects --- Treatment

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This book is a compilation of articles that brings together current knowledge from an international team of contributors who are dedicated investigators exploring novel strategies for the treatment of glioblastoma. These articles describe some of the latest concepts that will provide students, researchers and clinicians with an overview of the therapeutic approaches being developed in the field of neuro-oncology to combat this deadly disease.

glioblastoma --- glioma --- temozolomide --- radiotherapy --- immunotherapy --- novel therapy --- personalized treatment --- drug repurposing --- invasion --- invadopodia --- ion channels --- gene therapy --- viral vectors --- brain tumor --- nanomedicine --- cancer stem cell --- targeted therapy --- brain cancer --- cell cycle --- differentiation --- proliferation --- RAS --- SRGAP2 --- stem cell --- TP53 --- glioblastoma multiforme --- GBM --- nerve/glial antigen 2 --- NG2 --- CK2 --- CX-4945 --- migration --- CRISPR/Cas9 --- anticancer --- anti-angiogenesis --- thyrointegrin αvβ3 --- PEG --- triazole tetrac --- P-bi-TAT --- P-m-TAT --- tetrac --- one-carbon metabolism --- de novo purine synthesis --- metabolic reprogramming --- metabolic treatment --- vaccine --- immune checkpoint inhibitors --- chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells --- glioblastoma (GB) --- prolyl-oligopeptidase (POP) --- vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) --- transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) --- angiopoietin (Ang) --- endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) --- newly diagnosed glioblastoma --- recurrent glioblastoma --- new trial design --- drug-inducible gene expression --- Mardepodect --- Regorafenib --- drug targets --- tumor antigens --- renin–angiotensin system --- pluripotent stem cells --- organoids --- cancer stem cells --- cancer stem cell niche --- tumor microenvironment --- n/a --- renin-angiotensin system

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This book—entitled “Mechanisms and Novel Therapeutic Approaches for Gynecologic Cancer”—was edited as a Special Issue of Biomedicines, focusing on basic research such as genomics, epigenomics, and proteomics, as well as clinical research in the field of gynecologic oncology. The number of patients with gynecological cancer has been increasing worldwide due to its high lethality and lack of early detection tools and effective therapeutic interventions. In this regard, basic research on its pathophysiology and novel molecular targeting intervention is required to improve the prognosis of gynecologic cancer. This book contains 13 papers, including 8 original research papers and 5 reviews focusing on the basic research of gynecologic oncology. The reader can learn about state-of-the-art research and obtain extensive knowledge of the current advances in the field of gynecologic oncology. It is my hope that this book contributes towards the progress of gynecologic oncology.

nucleus accumbens-associated protein 1 (NAC1) --- BEN (BANP, E5R and NAC1) domain --- sequence-specific DNA-binding protein --- solution NMR structure --- isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) --- human cytomegalovirus --- ovarian cancer --- cancer progression --- inflammation --- immunosuppression --- endometrial carcinoma --- immune micro-environment --- immune checkpoints inhibitors --- microsatellite instability --- mismatch repair deficiency --- platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH --- PLA2G7) --- BRCA1 mutant ovarian cancer --- Wnt signaling --- pGSK3β --- β-catenin --- prognosis --- vulvar melanoma --- vaginal melanoma --- targeted therapy --- gynecological cancer --- melanoma treatment --- gene ontology --- epithelial ovarian cancers --- borderline ovarian tumors --- differentially expressed genes --- aryl hydrocarbon receptor --- epithelial–mesenchymal transition --- integrative analysis --- testin --- p16 protein --- cervical cancer --- cervical neoplasia --- immunohistochemistry --- chimeric antigen receptor --- CD44 --- adoptive immunotherapy --- NK cells --- epithelial ovarian cancer --- DNA damage response --- somatic mutation --- clear cell carcinoma --- endometrioid endometrial cancer --- DNA mismatch repair (MMR) --- MMR deficient (dMMR) --- long-term survival --- exosome --- miRNA --- biomarkers --- liquid biopsy --- interventional radiotherapy --- vaginal-cuff brachytherapy --- HDR brachytherapy --- in vivo dosimetry --- endometrial cancer --- biological planning --- drug repurposing --- non-coding RNAs --- nanocarriers --- anti-angiogenic therapy --- n/a --- epithelial-mesenchymal transition

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Genetic transformation --- Gene therapy --- Cellular therapy --- Gene Transfer Techniques. --- Genetic Therapy. --- Thérapie génique --- Thérapie cellulaire --- Cellular therapy. --- Gene therapy. --- Genetic transformation. --- Gene Transfer --- Gene Therapy --- Therapy, Gene --- Gene transfer --- Transformation (Genetics) --- DNA Therapy --- Gene Therapy, Somatic --- Genetic Therapy, Gametic --- Genetic Therapy, Somatic --- Therapy, DNA --- Therapy, Somatic Gene --- Somatic Gene Therapy --- Gametic Genetic Therapies --- Gametic Genetic Therapy --- Genetic Therapies --- Genetic Therapies, Gametic --- Genetic Therapies, Somatic --- Somatic Genetic Therapies --- Somatic Genetic Therapy --- Therapies, Gametic Genetic --- Therapies, Genetic --- Therapies, Somatic Genetic --- Therapy, Gametic Genetic --- Therapy, Genetic --- Therapy, Somatic Genetic --- Cell therapy --- Cells --- Therapy, Cellular --- Therapeutic use --- Genetic engineering --- Therapeutics --- Genetic recombination --- Microbial genetics --- Nucleic acids --- Transfection --- Gene Transfer Techniques --- Genetic Services --- Genes, Transgenic, Suicide --- Organotherapy --- Therapeutics, Physiological --- Transplantation of organs, tissues, etc. --- Cell transplantation --- Gene Transfer. --- Gene Delivery Systems --- Gene Transfer Technique --- Transgenesis --- Delivery System, Gene --- Delivery Systems, Gene --- Gene Delivery System --- Technique, Gene Transfer --- Techniques, Gene Transfer --- Transfer Technique, Gene --- Transfer Techniques, Gene --- Genetic Therapy --- Transgenes --- Genetics --- Gene Therapy. --- Gene Therap. --- Gene Transfer, Horizontal --- Genetic Structures --- Genetic Phenomena --- Recombination, Interspecific --- Gene Transfer, Lateral --- Horizontal Gene Transfer --- Lateral Gene Transfer --- Recombination, Interspecies --- Gene Transfers, Lateral --- Interspecies Recombination --- Interspecific Recombination --- Lateral Gene Transfers --- Thérapie génique. --- Transformation, Genetic. --- Genetic Transformation --- Genetic Transformations --- Transformations, Genetic --- Crosses, Genetic --- Transduction, Genetic --- Immunotherapy, Adoptive --- Adoptive Immunotherapy --- CAR T-Cell Therapy --- Cellular Immunotherapy, Adoptive --- Chimeric Antigen Receptor Therapy --- Immunotherapy, Adoptive Cellular --- Adoptive Cellular Immunotherapy --- Adoptive Cellular Immunotherapies --- Adoptive Immunotherapies --- CAR T Cell Therapy --- CAR T-Cell Therapies --- Cellular Immunotherapies, Adoptive --- Immunotherapies, Adoptive --- Immunotherapies, Adoptive Cellular --- T-Cell Therapies, CAR --- T-Cell Therapy, CAR --- Therapies, CAR T-Cell --- Therapy, CAR T-Cell --- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen --- Killer Cells, Lymphokine-Activated --- Cytapheresis --- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating --- Monocytes, Activated Killer