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Before September 11, 2001, few Americans had heard of immigration detention, but in fact a secret and repressive prison system run by the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service has existed in this country for more than two decades. In American Gulag, prisoners, jailers, and whistle-blowing federal officials come forward to describe the frightening reality inside these INS facilities. Journalist Mark Dow's on-the-ground reporting brings to light documented cases of illegal beatings and psychological torment, prolonged detention, racism, and inhumane conditions. Intelligent, impassioned, and unlike anything that has been written on the topic, this gripping work of investigative journalism should be read by all Americans. It is a book that will change the way we see our country. American Gulag takes us inside prisons such as the Krome North Service Processing Center in Miami, the Corrections Corporation of America's Houston Processing Center, and county jails around the country that profit from contracts to hold INS prisoners. It contains disturbing in-depth profiles of detainees, including Emmy Kutesa, a defector from the Ugandan army who was tortured and then escaped to the United States, where he was imprisoned in Queens, and then undertook a hunger strike in protest. To provide a framework for understanding stories like these, Dow gives a brief history of immigration laws and practices in the United States-including the repercussions of September 11 and present-day policies. His book reveals that current immigration detentions are best understood not as a well-intentioned response to terrorism but rather as part of the larger context of INS secrecy and excessive authority. American Gulag exposes the full story of a cruel prison system that is operating today with an astonishing lack of accountability.

Immigrants --- Human rights --- Emigration and immigration law --- Government policy --- Noncitizen detention centers --- United States --- Emigration and immigration --- Government policy. --- Alien detention centers --- Detention centers, Alien --- Detention of persons --- Illegal aliens --- Detention centers, Immigration --- Detention centers, Noncitizen --- Immigration detention centers --- Illegal immigration --- america. --- american gulag. --- american prisons. --- detention centers. --- federal officials. --- human cruelty. --- human rights violations. --- human rights. --- immigration and nationalization service. --- immigration detention. --- immigration history. --- immigration laws. --- immigration policies. --- immigration prisons. --- inhumane conditions. --- ins facilities. --- ins prisoners. --- ins. --- investigative journalism. --- jailers. --- prison system. --- prisoners. --- racial profiling. --- racism. --- repression. --- september 11. --- us immigration policies.

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This book constructs a historical narrative to examine the social consequences of testing faced by language-minoritized bilinguals in the United States. These consequences are understood with respect to what language-minoritized bilinguals faced when they have sought (1) access to civic participation (2) entry into the United States, (3) education in K-12 Schools, and (4) higher education opportunities. By centering the test-taker perspective with a use-oriented testing approach, the historical narrative describes the cumulative nature of these consequences for this community of individuals, which demonstrates how the mechanism of testing – often in conjunction with other structural and political forces – has contributed to the historic, systemic marginalization of language-minoritized bilinguals in the United States. By viewing these experiences with respect to consequential validity, the book poses questions to those involved in testing to not only acknowledge these histories, but to actively and explicitly incorporate efforts to dismantle these legacies of discrimination. The conclusions drawn from the historical analysis add an important perspective for educators and researchers concerned with inequities in the testing of language-minoritized bilinguals.

Bilingualism --- Linguistic minorities --- Children of minorities --- Multicultural education --- Education, Bilingual --- English language --- EFL (Language study) --- English as a foreign language --- English as a second language --- English to speakers of other languages --- ESL (Language study) --- ESOL (Language study) --- Teaching English as a second language --- TEFL (Language study) --- TESL (Language study) --- Bilingual education --- Multilingual education --- Intercultural education --- Education --- Culturally relevant pedagogy --- Minority languages --- Language and languages --- Minorities --- Sociolinguistics --- Languages in contact --- Multilingualism --- Social aspects --- Evaluation. --- Study and teaching --- Foreign speakers. --- Foreign students --- Political aspects --- Assessment. --- Bilingual Education. --- Language-minoritized bilinguals . --- Testing . --- US Immigration. --- US education policies. --- US immigration policies. --- civil rights. --- education in K-12 Schools. --- educational measurement. --- immigration. --- language education. --- linguistically diverse communities. --- marginalization. --- naturalization. --- Culturally sustaining pedagogy --- Germanic languages --- Minoritized languages