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In 1773, Pope Clement XIV suppressed the Society of Jesus. For the 823 Jesuits living in the Low Countries, it meant the end of their institutional religious life. In the Austrian Netherlands, the Jesuits were put under strict surveillance, but in the Dutch Republic they were able to continue their missionary work. It is this regional contrast and the opportunities it offered for the Order to survive that make the Low Countries an exceptional and interesting case in Jesuit history.00Just as in White Russia, former Jesuits and new Jesuits in the Low Countries prepared for the restoration of the Order, with the help of other religious, priests, and lay benefactors. In 1814, eight days before the restoration of the Society by Pope Pius VII, the novitiate near Ghent opened with eleven candidates from all over the United Netherlands. Barely twenty years later, the Order in the Low Countries - by then counting one hundred members - formed an independent Belgian Province. A separate Dutch Province followed in 1850. Obviously, the reestablishment, with new churches and new colleges, carried a heavy survival burden: in the face of their old enemies and the black legends they revived, the Jesuits had to retrieve their true identity, which had been suppressed for forty years.

271.5 "..." --- 271.5 "..." Jezuïeten--"tijd" --- Jezuïeten--"tijd" --- Jesuits --- History --- BPB9999 --- C2 --- Sociëteit van Jezus (1540-1773 ; 1814-heden) --- België [land - BE] --- Nederland [land in werelddeel Europa] --- kerkgeschiedenis --- Religieuze instituten --- BPB2002 --- Pays-Bas --- Catholicisme --- Histoire --- Histoire des Pays-Bas Autrichiens --- Nederland --- Katholicisme --- Geschiedenis --- Geschiedenis van de Oostenrijkse Nederlanden --- Christian religious orders --- History of the Low Countries --- Society of Jesus --- anno 1700-1799 --- anno 1800-1899 --- 271.5 <493> <09> --- #GBIB: jesuitica --- 271.5 <493> <09> Jezuïeten--België--Geschiedenis --- Jezuïeten--België--Geschiedenis --- História --- ιστορία --- storja --- histori --- historie --- historia --- história --- история --- stair --- geschiedenis --- történettudomány --- povijest --- zgodovina --- history --- историја --- Geschichtswissenschaft --- storia --- istorija --- ajalugu --- vēsture --- istorie --- Geschichte --- historiografie --- storiografia --- dějiny národů --- historiador --- dějepis --- historická věda --- történelem --- Katholizismus --- katolicizem --- katolicizmus --- katolicisms --- katolisuus --- katolicismus --- catolicism --- katalikybė --- katoliiklus --- katolicyzm --- katolicisme --- katholicisme --- католицизам --- katolicizam --- καθολικισμός --- Catholicism --- katolicizëm --- cattolicesimo --- katolicism --- католицизъм --- catolicismo --- papežství --- katolická víra --- katholische Kirche --- katolické náboženství --- římskokatolická církev --- католичка црква --- katolická věrouka --- pausdom --- katolická církev --- katechismus --- papauté --- katolictví --- католичка вера --- papado --- církev římskokatolická --- католичка веронаука --- katolikus vallás --- римокатоличка црква --- påvedöme --- an Ísiltír --- Nederlandene --- die Niederlande --- Alankomaat --- Κάτω Χώρες --- Hollandia --- Nyderlandai --- Paesi Bassi --- Nederländerna --- Nīderlande --- Países Baixos --- Holanda --- Holandsko --- Холандия --- Holandia --- Nizozemska --- Țările de Jos --- Nizozemsko --- Madalmaad --- Netherlands --- l-Olanda --- Холандија --- Países Bajos --- Nyderlandų Karalystė --- Reino dos Países Baixos --- Madalmaade Kuningriik --- Nizozemské království --- Regatul Țărilor de Jos --- Holandské kráľovstvo --- Nizozemí --- Mbretëria e Holandës --- Краљевина Холандија --- Кралство Холандија --- Holandë --- Koninkrijk der Nederlanden --- Holande --- Kongeriget Nederlandene --- Reino de los Países Bajos --- Alankomaiden kuningaskunta --- Hollandi Kuningriik --- Olandija --- Hollande --- Ríocht na hÍsiltíre --- Holland --- Ολλανδία --- Βασίλειο των Κάτω Χωρών --- Holland Királyság --- Hollanti --- Holandija --- Regno dei Paesi Bassi --- Кралство Нидерландия --- Kraljevina Nizozemska --- Kingdom of the Netherlands --- das Königreich der Niederlande --- Konungariket Nederländerna --- Нидерландия --- ir-Renju tal-Olanda --- Olanda --- Nīderlandes Karaliste --- Królestwo Niderlandów --- Royaume des Pays-Bas --- Jésuite --- --Pays-Bas --- --Pays-Bas autrichiens, --- 1773-1850, --- Belgique --- --Jesuits --- Jésuites --- 949.19.02 --- 949.19.02 Geschiedenis van de Nederlanden:--Nieuwe Tijd (16de-18de eeuw) --- Geschiedenis van de Nederlanden:--Nieuwe Tijd (16de-18de eeuw) --- Caitliceachas --- An Ísiltír --- Pays-Bas autrichiens, 1713-1794 --- Compagnie de Jésus --- Compañia de Jesus --- Gesellschaft Jesu --- Jesuitas --- Jesuiten --- Jesuiti --- Jezuïten --- Paters Jezuïten --- Societeit van Jezus --- イエズス会 --- カトリック イエズス会 --- histoire --- catholicisme --- Jezuïeten--geschiedenis --- 248.1 --- 1700-1899 --- Benelux countries. --- Beneluxländer --- Niederlande --- Staat Holland --- Vereinigte Niederlande --- Batavische Republik --- Republik der Sieben Vereinigten Provinzen --- Nederlanden --- Königreich der Niederlande --- Besetzte Niederländische Gebiete --- <> Besette Nederlandsche Gebied --- Niederländer --- 1815 --- -Beneluxstaaten --- Benelux --- Low countries

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After the Napoleonic Wars the borders of Europe were redrawn and relative peace endured across the region, but the volatile politics of the late nineteenth century generated an atmosphere of fear and distrust, and it gave rise to a new era of fortress building. In the neutral states situated between France and Germany - The Netherlands, Belgium and Switzerland - the need for extensive fixed defences was particularly urgent, and this is the subject of this highly illustrated new study. The strategic thinking that gave rise to these defensive schemes is described in detail, as is the planning, d

Fortification --- Fortification, Primitive --- Forts --- Military engineering --- Siege warfare --- 1800 - 1999 --- Switzerland --- Netherlands --- Belgium --- Belgium / History, Military. --- Netherlands / History, Military. --- Switzerland / History, Military. --- Belgium. --- Netherlands. --- Switzerland. --- Belgien. --- Niederlande. --- Schweiz. --- History, Military. --- Suisse --- Helvetia --- Helvetien --- Eidgenossenschaft --- Svizzera --- Confédération Suisse --- Confederazione Helvetica --- République Helvetique --- Confederazione Federale --- Confédération Helvétique --- Confederaziun Svizra --- Svájci Hozzájárulás --- Svizzra --- Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft --- Confederazione Svizzera --- Confoederatio Helvetica --- Swiss Confederation --- Svizra --- Suiza --- Confederación helvética --- Confédération helvétique --- Confederazione elvetica --- Confédération suisse --- Confederazione helvetica --- Helvetische Republik --- Schweiz --- République helvétique --- Repubblica elvetica --- Helvetic Republic --- Schweizer --- Staat Holland --- Vereinigte Niederlande --- Holland --- Batavische Republik --- Republik der Sieben Vereinigten Provinzen --- Koninkrijk der Nederlanden --- Nederland --- Nederlanden --- Königreich der Niederlande --- Besetzte Niederländische Gebiete --- <> Besette Nederlandsche Gebied --- Pays-Bas --- Royaume des Pays-Bas --- Niederländer --- 1815 --- -Besetzte Gebiete Belgiens --- Okkupierte Gebiete Belgiens --- Bezette Streken van België --- Territoire Belge Occupé --- Belgique --- België --- Royaume de Belgique --- Koninkrijk België --- Kingdom of Belgium --- Reino de Belgica --- Belgica --- Belgier --- Niederlande --- Confederatio Helvetica --- Confédération de huit cantons --- Confederazione svizzera --- Confederaziun svizra --- Everlasting League --- Four Forest Cantons --- Helvetic Confederation --- Lega elvetica --- Schweizerische Eidtgenossenschaft --- Shṿaits --- Shveĭt︠s︡arii︠a︡ --- Shveytsʻaria --- Suisu --- Sŭwisŭ --- Sveitsi --- Sviṭzaralaiṇḍa --- Swisserland --- Vier Waldstätte --- Zvicra --- Zwitserland --- Austrian Netherlands --- Aynacha Jach'a Markanaka --- Batavia --- Belanda --- Beulanda --- Çheer Injil --- Çheer y Vagheragh --- Eben Eyong --- Háland --- Herbehereak --- Herbehereetako Erresumaren --- Hò-làn --- Holand --- Holanda --- Holandija --- Holandska --- Hōlani --- Holenda --- Holland Királyság --- Hollandi --- Hollandia --- Hōrana --- Huēyitlahtohcāyōtl in Tlanitlālpan --- Huland --- Hulanda --- Iseldiroedd --- Iseldiryow --- Ísiltír --- Izelvroio --- Karaleŭstva Nidėrlandy --- Katō Chōres --- Kē-tē-kok --- Keninkryk fan 'e Nederlannen --- Kerajaan Landa --- Kéyah Wóyahgo Siʼánígí --- Keyatiya Nederlandan --- Kingdom of the Netherlands --- Konungsríkið Holland --- Kraljevina Holandija --- Kralojstwo Nederlandow --- Kralstvo Holandija --- Kralstvo Niderlandii͡ --- Landa --- Madalmaad --- Mamlakat Hūland --- Mamlekhet Artsot ha-Shefelah --- Nederilande --- Nederlaand --- Nederlân --- Nederlande --- Nederlandene --- Nederlandia --- Nederlando --- Nederlands --- Néderlandzk --- Nederlatt --- Nederlendin Nutg --- Nedŏlland --- Neerlande --- Nethiland --- Niadaland --- Niderland --- Niderland Krallığı --- Niderlanddar --- Niderlande --- Nīderlandeja --- Nīderlandes Karaliste --- Niderlandʺi͡as --- Niderlandʺi͡as Korolʹuv --- Niderlandii͡ --- Niderlandla --- Niderlandlany Korolevstvosu --- Niderlandsem --- Niderlandsen Patshalăkh --- Niderlandtæ --- Niderlandtar --- Niderlandtar Korollege --- Niderlandty Kʺarolad --- Niderlandy --- Niderlandyn Vant Uls --- Niðurlond --- Nirlan --- Nižozemska --- Nizozemsko --- Nyderlandai --- Nyderlandų Karalyst --- Olanda --- Ollandia --- Oostenrijkse Nederlanden --- Oranda --- Oranda Ōkoku --- Ot͡si͡azorksshi Nederlatt --- Paes Bass --- Paesi Bassi --- Paîs Bas --- Pais Basse --- Países Baixos --- Países Bajos --- Países Baxos --- Paisis Bajus --- Països Baixos --- Paixi Basci --- Pajjiżi l-Baxxi --- Payis-Bâs --- Payises Bashos --- Pays-Bas autrichiens --- Pays-Bas espagnols --- Pays-Bas méridionaux --- Peyiba --- Reeriaght ny Çheer Injil --- Reĝlando Nederlando --- Regni Nederlandiarum --- Regno del Paises Basse --- Regnu di i Paesi Bassi --- Reino di Hulanda --- Reino dos Países Baixos --- Ríocht na hÍsiltíre --- Southern Netherlands --- Spanish Netherlands --- The Netherlands --- Tìrean Ìsle --- Tlanitlālpan --- Ubuholandi --- Ubuhorandi --- Ufalme wa Nchi za Chini --- Uholanzi --- Ulanda --- Ulanna --- Vasileio tōn Katō Chōrōn --- Walanda --- Zuidelijke Nederlanden --- Bäigien --- Baljīk --- Belchica --- Belçika --- Belçika Krallığı --- Beldjym --- Belezi --- Belga Királyság --- Beļgeja --- Belghia --- Belʹgi --- Bèlgia --- Belgia Kuningriik --- Bélgica --- Belgice --- Belgice Cynerīce --- Belgické královstv --- Belgi --- Belgien --- Bélgii Bikéyah --- Belgii͡ --- Belʹgii͡a Korollege --- Belgija --- Beļg̓ijas Karaliste --- Belgijos Karalyst --- Belgijsk --- Belgika --- Belgio --- Belgiska --- Belgiya --- Belgiyah --- Belgje --- Belgjiche --- Belgjo --- Belgujo --- Belʹhii͡ --- Belhika --- Bèljik --- Beljika --- Belʹjmudin Nutg --- Belsch --- Belsj --- Bélxica --- Berug --- Bheilg --- Bilgasuyu --- Bilhika Qhapaqsuyu --- Bilkiya --- Gwlad Belg --- Igihugu cyʼUbubirigi --- Karaleŭstva Belʹhii͡ --- Keuninkriek Belsj --- Kinigraich Bäigien --- Kinnekräich Belsch --- Kongeriget Belgien --- Königreich Belgien --- Königriich Belgie --- Koninkrijk Belgi --- Koninkrijk van Belgi --- Koninkryk van Belgi --- Kraljevina Belgija --- Kralojstwo Belgiskej --- Mamlakat Baljīk --- Mamlekhet Belgiyah --- Nsi ya ntotila ya Belezi --- Pelekiuma --- Pow Belg --- Reeriaght ny Belg --- Reĝlando Belgio --- Regne de Bèlgica --- Regno del Belgio --- Reino de Belchica --- Reino de Bélgica --- Reinu de Bélxica --- Ríocht na Beilge --- Rìoghachd na Beilge --- Royômo de Bèlg·ique --- Ruwvaneth Belgek --- Teyrnas Gwlad Belg --- Ubelgiji --- Ububiligi --- Ububirigi --- Ufalme wa Ubelgiji --- Vasileio tou Velgiou --- Vãsilia di Belghia --- Velg --- Velgio --- Baljīkā --- Belgické království --- België --- Belgii︠a︡ --- Belʹgii︠a︡ Korollege --- Belgijos Karalystė --- Belgijskô --- Belʹhii︠a︡ --- Berugī --- Karaleŭstva Belʹhii︠a︡ --- Koninkrijk België --- Koninkrijk van België --- Koninkryk van België --- Mamlakat Baljīkā --- Βασίλειο του Βελγίου --- Βέλγιο --- Каралеўства Бельгія --- Бельги --- Бельгия --- Бельгия Короллеге --- Бельгія --- Белгия --- Белгија --- ממלכת בלגיה --- בלגיה --- بلجيكا --- مملكة بلجيكا --- ベルギー --- هولندا --- مملكة هولندا --- Mamlakat Hūlandā --- Нидерландтар --- Нидерландтар Короллеге --- Нідэрланды --- Каралеўства Нідэрланды --- Izelvroioù --- Нидерландия --- Niderlandii︠a︡ --- Кралство Нидерландия --- Kralstvo Niderlandii︠a︡ --- Нидерландсем --- Нидерландсен Патшалăхĕ --- Niderlandsen Patshalăkhĕ --- Kéyah Wóyahgo Siʼánígíí --- Ολλανδία --- Κάτω Χώρες --- Βασίλειο των Κάτω Χωρών --- هلند --- Недерлендин Нутг --- 네덜란드 --- Nedŏllandŭ --- Нидерландтæ --- Нидерландты Къаролад --- הולנד --- ממלכת ארצות השפלה --- Нидерландла --- Нидерландланы Королевствосу --- Néderlandzkô --- Нидерланд --- Нидерланддар --- Нидерландъяс --- Niderlandʺi︠a︡s --- Нидерландъяс Корольув --- Niderlandʺi︠a︡s Korolʹuv --- פאייסיס באשוס --- Nyderlandų Karalystė --- Холандија --- Кралство Холандија --- Недерлатт --- Оцязорксши Недерлатт --- Ot︠s︡i︠a︡zorksshi Nederlatt --- Нидерландын Вант Улс --- オランダ --- オランダ王国 --- Holland (Kingdom) --- Batavian Republic --- United Provinces of the Netherlands --- CH (Switzerland) --- Eidgenossenschaft (Swiss Confederation) --- スイス --- Confédération Suisse --- Confédération Helvétique --- Svájci Hozzájárulás --- Confederación helvética --- Confédération helvétique --- Confédération suisse --- Schweytzerlandt --- Schweytz --- Schweitz --- Schweizer-Land --- Eydgenoschafft --- Eydgnosschaft --- Eydgnossschafft --- Eydgnoßschafft --- Eydgenossenschafft --- Eidgnossschafft --- Helvetische Eidgenossschaft --- Hélvetie --- Schwiz --- Switz --- Corpus helveticum --- Confédération de huit cantons --- Confédération suisse --- ShvÌ£aits --- Shveĭt︠s︡arii︠a︡ --- ShveytsÊ»aria --- Sŭwisŭ --- SvitÌ£zaralainÌ£dÌ£a --- Vier Waldstätte