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There are a total of 22 caves and karst wells with more than 25 specialized species resident (stygobionts and troglobionts). In this Special Issue, 14 of these sites are described in detail, along with the specialized fauna. An additional paper describes the richest known cave in China. A summary paper puts all 22 subterranean biodiversity sites in context.

α-diversity --- biogeography --- biospeleology --- cave biology --- caves --- hotspots --- invertebrates --- subterranean biodiversity --- Movile Cave --- Romania --- chemoautotrophically based --- groundwater ecosystem --- hotspot caves --- Ojo Guareña natural monument --- stygobionts --- troglobionts --- Križna jama --- troglobiont --- checklist --- lava tubes --- geology --- fauna --- paleontology --- conservation --- Canary Islands --- phreatic karst aquifer --- stygobite --- species richness --- temporal dynamics --- beta-diversity --- hotspot --- speleobiology --- Postojna-Planina Cave System --- Slovenia --- basaltic lava flow --- cave ecology --- arthropods --- tropical cave fauna --- Bayliss Cave --- Psilotum --- biodiversity --- seamount --- ecology --- cave --- Huanjiang --- Guangxi --- South China Karst --- troglomorphy --- karst --- stygobiont --- hotspot cave --- sampling biases --- Southeast Asia --- cave fauna --- troglobitics --- arachnids --- insects --- millipedes --- n/a --- groundwater --- arid zone --- mining --- Ojo Guareña natural monument --- Križna jama