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There are three major types of human retroviruses, namely HIV, HTLV, and endogenous human retroviruses. This book presents the latest findings on the replication of these human retroviruses. This book is unique in that there has been no comparable book that integrates the findings from the three known classes of human retroviruses. Other books have focused on one of the three classes of human retroviruses individually. An accomplished international team of contributing authors have combined their expertise to provide cutting-edge findings in this important field. The book will be a valuable re

Retrovirus infections. --- Retroviruses.

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This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact

virus --- evolution --- human immunity --- endogenous retrovirus

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Retrotransposons are present in essentially all eukaryotic genomes and come in two basic flavors: those that are bracketed by long terminal repeats (LTRs) and share a common ancestor with retroviruses, and non-LTR retrotransposons that have a distinct lineage and remain transpositionally active in humans. Both types of retrotransposons replicate through an RNA intermediate, stably integrate into the host genome and have accumulated to a very high copy number in mammals and certain plant species. Autonomous elements produce transcripts capable of undergoing reverse transcription, and minimally encode proteins with reverse transcriptase, integrase/endonucleolytic, and nucleic acid chaperone activities. Retrotransposons are currently distinguished from viruses, since the process of retrotransposition is not infectious. However, this boundary may prove to be provisional as we learn more about these mobile genetic elements. The goal of this Special Issue of Viruses is to highlight progress in understanding the mechanism and consequences of retrotransposon movement. Several active research areas may be covered in reviews and research articles, including the roles of cellular modulators and defense systems, retrotransposon expression and replication, retrotransposon-induced mutations and their association with human diseases, and how these widely disseminated elements mold eukaryotic genomes.

Non-LTR retrotransposon --- Integration --- Human disease --- Endogenous retrovirus --- Reverse transcription --- Host factors --- Genome evolution --- LTR retrotransposon

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Medical microbiology, virology, parasitology --- Retroviruses --- Virology --- Rétrovirus --- Virologie --- Periodicals --- Research --- Périodiques --- Recherche --- Retroviridae. --- Retroviridae Infections. --- Retroviruses. --- Retrovirology. --- C-type RNA viruses --- Leukemogenic viruses --- Leukoviruses --- Oncornaviruses --- Oncoviruses --- Retroviridae --- RNA tumor viruses --- Infections, Retroviridae --- Infections, Retrovirus --- Retrovirus Infections --- Infection, Retroviridae --- Infection, Retrovirus --- Retroviridae Infection --- Retrovirus Infection --- Leukemogenic Viruses --- Oncovirinae --- Oncoviruses, Type C --- RNA Tumor Viruses --- Type C Oncoviruses --- C Oncovirus, Type --- C Oncoviruses, Type --- Leukemogenic Virus --- Leukovirus --- Oncornavirus --- Oncovirus --- Oncovirus, Type C --- RNA Tumor Virus --- Retrovirus --- Tumor Virus, RNA --- Tumor Viruses, RNA --- Type C Oncovirus --- Virus, Leukemogenic --- Virus, RNA Tumor --- Viruses, Leukemogenic --- Viruses, RNA Tumor --- retrovirus --- human retroviruses --- animal retroviruses --- HIV --- HTLV --- Oncogenic viruses --- RNA viruses --- XMRV Infection --- Xenotropic MuLV-related Virus Infection --- Xenotropic Murine Leukemia Virus-related Virus Infection --- Infection, XMRV --- Infections, XMRV --- XMRV Infections --- Xenotropic MuLV related Virus Infection --- Xenotropic Murine Leukemia Virus related Virus Infection --- Allergy --- allergieën --- Microbiology & Immunology --- hiv --- htlv --- Virologia

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HIV/AIDS continues to be the pandemic of our times and there has not been a comprehensive medically based AIDS prevention book published in the last 5 years. It is estimated that 36 to 45 million people including 2-3 million children already are infected worldwide and an additional 4-7 million more are infected each year. There are about 6,000 new infections daily and about 12 million AIDS orphans. People receiving AIDS treatments feel well and have no detectable viral load, but still can infect others. And even when a vaccine is found, it will take many years before it can be administered a

HIV infections --- HIV (Viruses) --- Prevention. --- AIDS-associated retrovirus --- AIDS virus --- ARV (Viruses) --- HTLV-III (Viruses) --- HTLV-III-LAV (Viruses) --- Human immunodeficiency viruses --- Human T-cell leukemia virus III --- Human T-cell lymphotropic virus III --- Human T-lymphotropic virus III --- IDAV (Viruses) --- Immunodeficiency-associated virus --- LAV (Viruses) --- LAV-HTLV-III (Viruses) --- Lymphadenopathy-associated virus --- T-lymphotrophic virus III, Human --- HTLV (Viruses) --- Virus-induced immunosuppression