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The following study uses a bilingual version of the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) false memory paradigm (Deese 1959; Roediger & McDermott 1995) to investigate conceptual mediation in second language (L2) learners. In this paradigm, participants are exposed to a list of words (e.g. bed, rest, dream, etc.) that are highly associated to a critical lure word that is not presented (e.g. sleep). Later, when asked to recall the words presented, participants will often falsely recall the critical lure that was implicitly generated in memory during encoding. Participants were native English-speaking learners of Spanish (N = 241) with varying proficiency in Spanish. The results suggest that proficiency constrains conceptual mediation. Theoretical and pedagogical implications are discussed.

Second language acquisition --- Priming (Psychology) --- Psycholinguistics --- Methodology --- Psycholinguistics. --- Tweedetaalverwerving --- Psycholinguistiek --- Methodology. --- research --- methodologie --- priming --- Languages & Literatures --- Philology & Linguistics --- Priming (Psychology). --- research. --- methodologie. --- priming. --- Language, Psychology of --- Language and languages --- Psychology of language --- Speech --- Second language learning --- Psychological aspects --- Psychology --- Linguistics --- Thought and thinking --- Language acquisition --- Memory --- Association of ideas --- Didactics of languages --- Second language acquisition - Methodology

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Masked priming has a short and somewhat controversial history. When used as a tool to study whether semantic processing can occur in the absence of conscious awareness, considerable debate followed, mainly about whether masked priming truly tapped unconscious processes. For research into other components of visual word processing, however - in particular, orthographic, phonological, and morphological - a general consensus about the evidence provided by masked priming results has emerged. This book contains thirteen original chapters in which these three components of visual word processing ar

Cognitive psychology --- Psycholinguistics --- Masked priming. --- Word recognition. --- Mots, Reconnaissance des --- Psycholinguistics. --- Psycholinguistique --- Masked priming --- Word recognition --- #PBIB:2004.1 --- Flash cards --- Language, Psychology of --- Language and languages --- Psychology of language --- Speech --- Psychological aspects --- Psychology --- Reading (Elementary) --- Vocabulary --- Linguistics --- Thought and thinking --- Priming (Psychology) --- Visual masking

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Cognitive psychology --- Priming (Psychology) --- Memory --- Learning. --- Learning process --- Comprehension --- Education --- Retention (Psychology) --- Intellect --- Psychology --- Thought and thinking --- Executive functions (Neuropsychology) --- Mnemonics --- Perseveration (Psychology) --- Reproduction (Psychology) --- Association of ideas --- Research.

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Much of public opinion research over the past several decades suggests that the American voters are woefully uninformed about politics and thus unable to fulfill their democratic obligations. Arguing that this perception is faulty, Vincent Hutchings shows that, under the right political conditions, voters are surprisingly well informed on the issues that they care about and use their knowledge to hold politicians accountable. Though Hutchings is not the first political scientist to contend that the American public is more politically engaged than it is often given credit for, previous scholarship--which has typically examined individual and environmental factors in isolation--has produced only limited evidence of an attentive electorate. Analyzing broad survey data as well as the content of numerous Senate and gubernatorial campaigns involving such issues as race, labor, abortion, and defense, Hutchings demonstrates that voters are politically engaged when politicians and the media discuss the issues that the voters perceive as important. Hutchings finds that the media--while far from ideal--do provide the populace with information regarding the responsiveness of elected representatives and that groups of voters do monitor this information when "their" issues receive attention. Thus, while the electorate may be generally uninformed about and uninterested in public policy, a complex interaction of individual motivation, group identification, and political circumstance leads citizens concerned about particular issues to obtain knowledge about their political leaders and use that information at the ballot box.

Democracy --- Political participation --- Public opinion --- Public opinion. --- Atlanta Journal. --- Charlotte Observer. --- Chicago Tribune. --- Dewine, Mike. --- Edwards-McNabb, Sybil. --- Erbring, Lutz. --- Feinstein, Dianne. --- Fenno, Richard. --- Gaudet, Helen. --- Glenn, John. --- Gulf War. --- Harvard Law Review. --- Hatfield, Mark. --- Heflin, Howard. --- Hollings, Ernest. --- Jewish Americans. --- Kassebaum, Nancy. --- Kingdon, John W. --- Lowery, Joseph. --- Millner, Guy. --- National Organization of Women. --- Politics in America. --- Republicans. --- Vietnam War. --- abortion. --- ballot access. --- blue-collar workers. --- core values. --- defense issues. --- foreign policy. --- group interests. --- international trade agreements. --- issue importance. --- issue publics. --- issue voting. --- key votes. --- labor issues. --- latent public opinion. --- media. --- motivation. --- newspapers. --- partisanship. --- party identification. --- priming. --- projection effect. --- religion. --- routine votes. --- salience. --- self-interest. --- term limits. --- union membership. --- women.

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This book provides new and in-depth insights into molecular aspects of plant cell signaling in response to biotic, such as aphid- and grey mold disease-resistance, and abiotic stresses, such as soil salinity and drought stress, and additionally, functional analysis on signaling components involved in flowering, juvenility, GA signaling, and biosynthesis, and miRNA-regulated gene expression. Furthermore, plant acclimation was reported, with emphasis on mechanistic insights into the roles of brassinosteroids, cyclic AMP, and hydrogen sulfide, and the recent advances of transmembrane receptor-like kinases were refined. Clearly, plant cell signaling is an intensive topic and whether it is now or in the future, the emerging technology in functional analysis such as genome editing technologies, high-throughput technologies, integrative multiple-omics as well as bioinformatics can assist researchers to reveal novel aspects of the regulatory mechanisms of plant growth and development, and acclimation to environmental and biotic stresses. The achievement of such research will be useful in improving crop stress tolerances to increase agricultural productivity and sustainability for the food supply of the world.

salinity --- selenium (Se) --- crops --- reactive oxygen species (ROS) --- enzymatic anti-oxidative system --- drought --- GA --- DELLA --- ABF2 --- protein–protein interaction --- Arabidopsis --- endocytosis --- microRNAs --- miPEPs --- peptides --- development --- kinase --- receptor --- stress --- tobacco --- calcium --- calcite --- reactive oxygen species --- ion channels --- cellular signalization --- brassinosteroids --- receptor-like kinases --- GSK3-like kinases --- somatic embryogenesis receptor-like kinases --- protein phosphatases --- Malus domestica --- Rosaceae --- juvenility --- FLOWERING LOCUS C --- flowering --- Hydrogen sulfide --- S-sulfhydration --- plant hormone --- gasotransmitter --- disease resistance --- plant defense --- herbivore --- phytohormone --- plant biotic stress --- plant signalling --- Medicago truncatula --- abiotic stress --- cAMP --- cyclic nucleotides-gated channels --- plant innate immunity --- Botrytis cinerea --- tomato --- iprodione --- mutant --- transcriptome analysis --- metabolism --- catalytic activity --- dwarfism --- gene cloning --- MNP1 --- CPS --- ABA signaling --- brassinosteroid signaling cascade --- drought tolerance --- priming --- stress adaptation --- stress memory --- CRISPR/Cas9 --- DELLA/TVHYNP --- Dwarf --- GA20OX2 --- GA signaling --- n/a --- protein-protein interaction