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Gastrointestinal cancers represent a heterogeneous group of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. There is an interplay of various non-modifiable and modifiable risk factors that foster the conversion of normal cells to precursor cells, precursor cells to premalignant cells, and premalignant cells to malignant cells. Gastrointestinal cancers are diverse in etiology and clinical management. The chapters of this book explore the clinically relevant aspects of this diversity under three broad categories: epidemiology and pathology, early diagnosis and prognosis, and surgical management. The etiological aspects focus on stomach cancer while the pathological aspects provide an overview of colorectal cancer, how primary colorectal cancer becomes metastatic through epithelial mesenchymal transition, and how macrophage-derived extracellular vesicles drive tumor development and enable the progression of most gastrointestinal cancers. Chapters on early detection and prognosis emphasize on biomarker discovery, both at genetic and proteomic level, and how these can be used to effectively predict the origin, progress, prognosis, and treatment response of gastrointestinal cancers in general and pancreatic cancer in particular. Given that the gastrointestinal tract is solely responsible for the processing of the diet we consume, the impact of diet that we consume cannot be ignored. There is a dedicated chapter that covers the role of diet and lifestyle on colorectal cancer incidence and survival. Despite various treatment modalities, for localized cancers, surgery is still the best form of curative treatment, and the role of surgical management of gastrointestinal stromal tumors and esophageal cancers are elegantly summarized in two chapters. The contents of this book provide the readers with an overview of several important aspects of gastrointestinal cancers and may be of interest to healthcare professionals interested in gastrointestinal cancers.

gastrointestinal cancers --- stomach cancer --- pancreatic cancer --- colorectal cancer --- gastrointestinal stromal tumors --- esophageal cancer

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Precision medicine is a rapidly-evolving field in the management of cancer. The use of novel molecular or genetic signatures in local-regional management is still in its infancy. Precision Radiation Oncology demystifies this state-of-the-art research and technology. By describing current existing clinical and pathologic features, and focusing on the ability to improve outcomes in cancer using radiation therapy, this book discusses incorporating novel genomic- or biology-based biomarkers in the treatment of patients moving radiation oncology into precision/personalized medicine. Precision Radiation Oncology provides readers with an overview of the new developments of precision medicine in radiation oncology, further advancing the integration of new research findings into individualized radiation therapy and its clinical applications.

Cancer --- Radiotherapy. --- Treatment --- brain cancer. --- breast cancer. --- cancer research. --- cancer treatment. --- cancer. --- chemo. --- chemotherapy. --- lung cancer. --- medical. --- medicine. --- oncologist. --- oncology. --- pancreatic cancer. --- radiation therapy. --- radiation.

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Pancreatic neoplasms include different pathological entities with variable biological behavior and different treatment modalities. Surgery and adjuvant therapy are the cornerstones of the therapeutic approach; however, even after radical resection, the majority of patients experience disease recurrence and the prognosis of pancreatic cancer remains dismal. A multimodal therapeutic approach, based on a combination of neoadjuvant therapy, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, immunotherapy and surgery, appears fundamental to improving the outcomes. This Special Issue of the Journal of Clinical Medicine, entitled “Recent Advances in Pancreatic Neoplasms”, focuses on possible new strategies to treat pancreatic neoplasms.

PIWI proteins --- PIWIL3 --- PIWIL4 --- pancreatic cancer --- EMT --- chemoresistance --- motility --- HNF4A --- survival --- pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasm --- primary pancreatic carcinoid --- serotonin-secreting pancreatic tumour --- serotonin-producing pancreatic tumour --- neoadjuvant chemotherapy --- response --- carbohydrate antigen 19-9 --- fluorodeoxyglucose --- pancreatectomy --- positron emission tomography --- prognosis --- standardized uptake value --- Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma --- microRNAs --- pancreatic fistula --- pancreatic neoplasm --- renal cell carcinoma --- pancreatic neoplasms --- PET-CT scan --- pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma --- pancreatic cancer prognosis --- completion total pancreatectomy --- pooled analysis --- recurrent pancreatic cancer --- repeated pancreatectomy --- pancreas --- neuropathy --- taxanes --- biomarker --- C-reactive protein to albumin ratio --- inflammation --- intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm --- modified Glasgow prognostic score --- neutrophyl lymphocite ratio --- platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio --- robotic pancreatic surgery --- pancreato-gastrostomy --- low muscle mass --- sarcopenia --- pancreatic adenocarcinoma --- pancreatic surgery --- body composition --- n/a

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Pancreatic cancer is a growing source of cancer-related death and has poor survival rates, which have not improved in the last few decades. Its high-mortality rate is attributed to pancreatic cancer biology, difficulty in early diagnosis, and lack of standardized international guidelines in assessing the pancreatic masses. This book aims to provide an update in the current state of play in pancreatic cancer diagnosis and to evaluate the benefits and limitations of the available diagnostic technology and therapy. The main modalities for diagnosis are imaging with HCT, MRI, USE, and PET. Some chapters review the improvements in the techniques used. Timely and accurate diagnosis of pancreatic cancer can lead to improve in the current poor outcome of this disease.

Pancreas --- Cancer. --- Pancreatic Neoplasms. --- Cancer of the Pancreas --- Neoplasms, Pancreatic --- Pancreas Cancer --- Pancreas Neoplasms --- Cancer of Pancreas --- Pancreatic Cancer --- Cancer, Pancreas --- Cancer, Pancreatic --- Cancers, Pancreas --- Cancers, Pancreatic --- Neoplasm, Pancreas --- Neoplasm, Pancreatic --- Neoplasms, Pancreas --- Pancreas Cancers --- Pancreas Neoplasm --- Pancreatic Cancers --- Pancreatic Neoplasm --- Medicine --- Gastrointestinal Oncology --- Oncology --- Health Sciences

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In the two last decades, proteases have constituted one of the primary and important targets in drug discovery. The U.S. FDA has approved more than 12 protease therapies in the last 10 years, and a number of next-generation or completely new proteases are under clinical development. Protease inhibition strategies are one of the fastest expanding areas in the field of of drugs that show considerable promise. This Special Issue will focus on the recent advances in the discovery and development of protease inhibitors, covering the synthesis of protease inhibitors, the design of new chemical entities acting as inhibitors of special/particular types of proteases, and their mode of actions (Frolova et al. 2020; Slapak et al. 2020; Künnapuu et al. 2021). In addition, the new applications of these interesting compounds/biomolecules and their limitations have been discussed and described (Wang et al. 2020; Bartošová-Sojková et al. 2021).

MMP --- MMP2 --- MMP9 --- MMP7 --- MMP14 --- matrix metalloproteases --- PDAC --- pancreatic cancer --- Bowman–Birk inhibitor --- ranacyclin --- trypsin inhibitor --- structure–activity relationship --- synergistic effect --- Gentamicin --- matrix metalloproteinase --- extracellular matrix --- nuclei --- cancer --- apoptosis --- immune response --- cysteine protease inhibitor --- stefin --- signal peptide --- parasite --- phylogenetic analysis --- diversification --- protein structure --- vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) --- VEGF-A --- PlGF --- VEGF-B --- VEGF-C --- VEGF-D --- angiogenesis --- lymphangiogenesis --- CCBE1 --- proteases --- ADAMTS3 --- plasmin --- cathepsin D --- KLK3 --- prostate-specific antigen (PSA) --- thrombin --- wound healing --- metastasis --- proteolytic activation --- vascular biology --- lymphedema