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Fucoidans are a group of fucose-containing sulfated polysaccharides found in many species of brown seaweeds, with numerous bioactive properties. As a highly bioactive seaweed substance with many promising physiological activities, fucoidans have attracted attention from many industries all over the world. Even though fucoidans are a rich source of bioactive properties, the structural properties and bioactive mechanisms of fucoidans are poorly understood. Therefore, novel studies that either characterize the physical properties or biological activities of fucoidans will fill the knowledge gap between industrial applications and the scientific background of those applications. Both purified and partially purified fucoidans isolated from brown seaweeds present high potential as preventative and therapeutic agents against number of chronic diseases, due to their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, neuroprotective, antiviral, antimicrobial, and anticoagulative properties. This Special Issue is aimed at presenting updated information on well-documented studies of the structural characterization and major biological actions relevant for medical, cosmeceutical, and pharmaceutical applications that fucoidans isolated from brown seaweed can offer.

fucoidan --- low-molecular-weight fucoidan --- adriamycin --- nephrotic syndrome --- psoriasis --- Traf3ip2 --- microbiota --- mucin --- IgA --- fucoidans --- extraction --- brown algae --- production --- bioactivities --- Sri Lankan algae --- anticancer --- sulfated polysaccharide --- Celluclast --- sargassum --- antioxidant --- Maldives --- Padina boryana --- zebrafish --- apoptosis --- DR4 --- mitochondrial pathway --- cancer --- metastasis --- epithelial mesenchymal transition --- nanoparticles --- Helicobacter pylori --- mozuku --- Cladosiphon okamuranus Tokida --- urinalysis --- fucose --- enzymatic purification --- age-related macular degeneration --- VEGF --- oxidative stress --- Laminaria digitata --- Fucus distichus subsp. evanescens --- Saccharina latissima --- retinal pigment epithelium --- ROS --- Phaeophyta --- carbohydrate --- UVB irradiation --- HaCaT cells --- sulfated heterosaccharide --- dopamine neurons apoptosis --- PI3K–Akt --- ascorbic acid --- anti-lung cancer --- human lung carcinoma A-549 cells --- hydrogen peroxide --- Sargassum crassifolium --- fucoidan from Ascophyllum nodosum --- postprandial hyperglycemia --- in vitro and in vivo evaluation --- SGLT1 --- chitosan --- fibroblast growth factor-2 --- polyelectrolyte multilayer --- infrared spectroscopy --- quartz crystal microbalance --- sulfated polysaccharides --- natural defenses --- phenolic metabolism --- phenylalanine ammonia-lyase --- n/a --- PI3K-Akt

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The mechanistic/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), a serine/threonine kinase, is a central regulator for human physiological activity. Deregulated mTOR signaling is implicated in a variety of disorders, such as cancer, obesity, diabetes, and neurodegenerative diseases. The papers published in this Special Issue summarize the current understanding of the mTOR pathway and its role in the regulation of tissue regeneration, regulatory T cell differentiation and function, and different types of cancer including hematologic malignancies, skin, prostate, breast, and head and neck cancer. The findings highlight that targeting mTOR pathway is a promising strategy to fight against certain human diseases.

mTOR --- histone deacetylase --- prostate cancer --- integrins --- adhesion --- invasion --- cell metabolism --- T cells --- Foxp3 --- Acute Lymphoblastic leukemia --- targeted therapy --- metabolism --- cell signalling --- mTOR signalling --- head and neck cancer --- mutant genes --- biomarkers --- targeted therapies --- clinical trials --- cancers --- inhibitors --- photodynamic therapy --- PI3K --- Akt --- skin cancers --- phytochemicals --- melanoma --- basal cell carcinoma --- squamous cell carcinoma --- Merkel cell carcinoma --- TNBC --- eribulin --- PI3K/AKT/mTOR --- everolimus --- combination --- synergy --- mTOR signaling --- tissue regeneration --- neuron --- muscle --- liver --- intestine --- hematologic malignancies --- regulatory T cells --- tumor

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MicroRNAs are the best representatives of the non-coding part of the genome and their functions are mostly linked to their target genes. During the process of carcinogenesis, both dysregulation of microRNAs and their target genes can explain the development of the disease. However, most of the target genes of microRNAs have not yet been elucidated. In this book, we add new information related to the functions of microRNAs in various tumors and their associated targetome.

miR526b --- miR655 --- breast cancer --- angiogenesis --- lymphangiogenesis --- EP4 --- PI3K/Akt --- microRNA-361 --- EMT --- tumor microenvironment --- cancer diagnosis --- cancer treatment --- Bladder cancer --- microRNA --- genetic marker --- progression --- ccRCC --- prognostic biomarker --- miRNA --- transcription factor --- interplay --- microRNAs --- exosomes --- liquid biopsy --- metastasis --- cancer --- liquid biopsies --- tumor --- SNAIL (SNAI1) transcription factor --- epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) --- long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) --- circular RNAs --- viral miRNAs --- EBV --- HHV-8 --- HPV --- HCV --- HBV --- MCPyV --- glioblastoma --- MGMT --- survival --- radiotherapy --- chemotherapy --- temozolomide --- translational medicine --- oncomiRNA --- post-transcriptional regulation --- immune regulation --- adrenocortical carcinoma --- micro RNA --- non-coding RNA --- thyroid carcinoma --- radioactive iodine --- drug resistance --- prognosis --- Burkitt lymphoma --- miR-378a-3p --- cell growth --- pancreatic cancer --- radioresistance --- personalized medicine --- biomarker --- target --- n/a

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MicroRNAs (miRs) are small noncoding RNAs that function as post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression and have important roles in almost all biological pathways. Deregulated miR expression has been detected in numerous cancers, where miRs act as both oncogene and tumor suppressors. Due to their important roles in tumorigenesis, miRs have been investigated as prognostic and diagnostic biomarkers and as useful targets for therapeutic intervention. From a therapeutic point of view, two modalities can serve to rectify gene networks in cancer cells. For oncomiRs, a rational means is downregulation through antagomirs. Moreover, observations of the pathological reductions in tumor-suppressive miRs have inspired the concept of “miR replacement therapy” to enhance the amount of these miRs, thereby restoring them to normal levels. However, the clinical applicability of miR-based therapies is severely limited by the lack of effective delivery systems. Therefore, to understand the role of this new class of regulators, we need to identify the mRNA targets regulated by individual miRs as well as to develop specific, efficient, and safe delivery systems for therapeutic miRs.

Breast cancer --- Hypoxia inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α) --- MicroRNA (miRNA) --- miR526b --- miR655 --- Oxidative stress --- Migration --- Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) --- Prostaglandin E2 receptor 4 (EP4) --- PI3K/Akt --- adipokines --- endometrial cancer --- estrogens --- hyperinsulinemia --- insulin --- insulin resistance --- insulin signaling --- insulin-like growth factors --- microRNA --- miRNA --- ovarian cancer --- survival --- prognostic factor --- serum LDH --- blood biomarker --- circulating microRNA --- plasma --- immunotherapy --- immune checkpoint inhibitors --- metastatic melanoma --- hepatocellular carcinoma --- metastasis --- exosome --- bioinformatics analysis --- renal cancer --- RCC --- ccRCC --- meta-analysis --- miRNAs --- normal B-cell development --- B-CLL --- miRNA-transcription factor network --- regulation --- biomarker --- therapy --- prognosis --- diagnosis --- progression --- prediction --- smoking --- non-small cell lung cancer --- methylation --- miR-584-5p --- YKT6 --- snoRNA --- 2′-O-methylation --- pseudouridylation --- malignant melanoma --- cancer stem cell --- stemness --- head and neck squamous cell carcinoma --- colon cancer --- cancer stem cells --- microRNAs --- deformability --- PARP --- replication stress --- targeted therapy --- breast cancer --- circulating biomarkers --- medulloblastoma --- brain tumour --- subgroups --- stem cells --- n/a --- 2'-O-methylation

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This book covers recent trends in all aspects of basic and applied scientific research on marine skeletal proteins and biopolymers (e.g., chitin, collagen), and their derivatives. Some recent innovations of marine proteins have been incorporated in this book that could be potentially applied in scientific and industrial research. Due to their broad array of biological functions in biopolymer- and protein-based drugs, such as anticancer, antimicrobial, bone tissue regeneration, antioxidant, and anti-aging functions, bioactive skeletal proteins and biopolymers have recently attracted a great amount of interest in the pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and cosmeceutical industries (including anti-aging drugs).

Thunnus obesus --- collagen --- isoelectric precipitation --- physicochemical properties --- proliferation and migration --- red stingray (Dasyatis akajei) --- cartilage --- peptide --- antioxidant activity --- lung cancer --- nereis active protease --- H1299 cells --- PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway --- benzyl glycidyl ether --- epoxide hydrolase --- enantioselective --- marine microorganism --- fish skin --- structure --- functional properties --- thermal properties --- rheology properties --- chitin --- scaffolds --- pigmental cells --- demosponges --- Ianthella --- bromotyrosines --- decamethoxine --- drug delivery --- gelatin --- marine gastropod --- Black Sea --- acidic and enzymatic extraction --- biocompatibility --- cytokines --- Lophius litulon skin --- pepsin-solubilized collagen --- characterization --- biological materials --- electrolysis --- Antipatharia --- black corals --- Cirrhipathes sp. --- sponges --- 3D scaffolds --- AgNPs --- antibacterial properties --- Aplysina aerophoba --- sponge --- osculum size --- respiration --- clearance rate --- depth --- Chondrosia reniformis --- integrated multitrophic aquaculture --- collagen fibers --- scaffold --- biomedical device --- Nibea japonica --- swim bladder --- marine collagen peptides --- n/a