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Are national legal cultures in Europe converging or diverging as a result of the pressures of European legal integration? Åse B. Grødeland and William L. Miller address this question by exploring the attitudes and perceptions of the general public and law professionals in five European countries: England, Norway, Bulgaria, Poland and the Ukraine. Presenting new findings, they challenge the established view that ordinary citizens and people working professionally with the law have different legal cultures. Their research in fact reveals that the attitudes of citizens in Eastern and Western Europe towards 'law-in-principle' are remarkably similar, whereas perceptions of 'law-in-practice' differ by country and often correlate with GDP per capita and country ranking in rule of law indices. Grødeland and Miller's innovative methodological approach will appeal to both experts and non-experts with an interest in legal culture, European integration, or European elite and public opinion.

Law --- Law - Europe --- Royaume-Uni --- Norvège --- Bulgarie --- Pologne --- Ukraine

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Causal uncertainty is a wide-spread phenomenon. Courts are often unable to determine whether a defendant's tortious conduct was a factual cause of a plaintiff's harm. Yet, sometimes courts can determine the probability that the defendant caused the plaintiff's harm, although often there is considerable variance in the probability estimate based on the available evidence. The conventional way to cope with this uncertainty has been to apply the evidentiary rule of 'standard of proof'. The application of this 'all or nothing' rule can lead to unfairness by absolving defendants who acted tortiously and may also create undesirable incentives that result in greater wrongful conduct and injustice to victims. Some courts have decided that this 'no-liability' outcome is undesirable. They have adopted rules of proportional liability that compensate plaintiffs according to the probability that their harm was caused by the defendant's tortious conduct. In 2005 the Principles of European Tort Law (PETL) made a breakthrough in this regard by embracing rules of proportional liability. This project, building on PETL, endeavours to make further inquiries into the desirable scope of proportional liability and to offer a more detailed view of its meaning, implications, and ramifications.

Insurance law --- Torts --- Autriche --- République tchèque --- Royaume-Uni --- Italie --- Pays-Bas --- Pologne --- Espagne --- Suisse --- France --- Allemagne --- Grèce --- Israël --- Norvège --- Afrique du Sud --- Etats-Unis --- Tort Law.

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In recent years, policy makers at various levels have discovered the concept of a circular economy and as a result, are increasingly proposing strategies and legal instruments to support the transition from a linear economy towards a more circular economy. This book explores the concept of a circular economy from both a legal and an interdisciplinary perspective. It provides an in-depth analysis of the initiatives taken at EU level and in several EU Member States (including Belgium, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Spain, Slovenia and the Scandinavian countries), both with regard to movables and immovables and in the various stages of the value chain.

Economic law --- European Union --- Économie circulaire --- Consommateurs --- Protection --- Consumer protection --- Sustainable development --- Law and legislation --- European Union countries --- Circular economy --- Développement durable --- Droit --- Comparative law --- Droit comparé --- Allemagne --- Belgique --- Espagne --- France --- Norvège --- Pays-Bas --- Slovénie --- Suède

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How is access to asylum and other forms of extraterritorial protection regulated in the European Union? Is the EU acquis in these areas in conformity with international law? Which tools does international law offer to solve collisions between both? And, finally, is law capable of bridging the foundational oppositions embedded in migration and asylum issues? This volume is about the transformation of asylum in Europe in the context of the EU enlargement process. This transformation involves norms, as well as the procedures and resources for their implementation. In the candidate countries, as in the west, the process of transformations is marked by the tension between the interests of protection and migration control. Through their comprehensive analysis, the authors illuminate the legal and political dynamics which underlie this tension. Chapters trace the complex patterns of national, sub-regional and EU law and policy that are driving the future of asylum in an expanded Europe. This allows for reflection on what the transformation process tells us about the current EU asylum acquis, and what it tells us about the prospects for refugee protection in the new frontier states and beyond. This book is the result of a three year study carried out by academics and practitioners from the candidate countries, current Member States, and international organizations. It explores the evolution of refugee policy and practice in a changing Europe.

Migration. Refugees --- International private law --- European Union --- Asylum, Right of --- Political refugees --- Refugees --- Droit d'asile --- Réfugiés politiques --- Réfugiés --- Legal status, laws, etc. --- Droit --- Asylum seekers --- Refugees, Political --- Autriche --- Hongrie --- Lituanie --- Allemagne --- Pologne --- République tchèque --- Danemark --- Norvège --- Suède --- Finlande --- Estonie --- Lettonie --- Emigration and immigration.

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"Criminal justice has traditionally been associated with the nation state, its legitimacy and its authority. The growing internationalisation of crime control raises crucial and complex questions about the future shape of justice and urban governance as these are experienced at local, national and international realms. The emergence of new international justice institutions such as the International Criminal Court, the greater movement of people and goods across national borders and the transfer of criminal justice policies between different jurisdictions all present novel challenges to criminal justice systems as well as our understandings of criminal justice. This volume of essays explores the implications and impact of criminal justice developments in an increasingly globalised world. It offers cutting-edge conceptual contributions from leading international commentators organised around the themes of international criminal justice institutions and practices; comparative penal policies; and international and comparative urban governance and crime control"--

Criminal law --- International crimes --- Criminal justice, Administration of --- Criminal justice, Administration of. --- Globalization. --- LAW / Comparative --- International cooperation. --- LAW / Comparative. --- Criminal justice, administration of --- Criminal justice, administration of. --- Law / comparative. --- Law --- General and Others --- Criminal law - Congresses --- International crimes - Congresses --- Canada --- Royaume-Uni --- Nouvelle-Zélande --- Finlande --- Suède --- Norvège