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Pancreatic ribonuclease, the focus of highly productive scientific research for more than half a century and the only enzyme to be the basis of four Nobel prizes, has recently undergone a resurgence in popularity for the recognition of an extended ribonuclease superfamily with functions ranging from tumour growth and inhibition to self-recognition and neurotoxicity. This volume highlights the functional diversity of ribonucleases and reveals the emerging research opportunities provided by these enzymes.* Never before has discussion of the entire family of ribonucleases and related

Nucleoproteins. --- Ribonucleases. --- Ribonucleases--Structure-activity relationships. --- RNA. --- Ribonucleases --- Structure-Activity Relationship --- Esterases --- Pharmacological Phenomena --- Biochemical Phenomena --- Hydrolases --- Physiological Phenomena --- Chemical Phenomena --- Phenomena and Processes --- Enzymes --- Enzymes and Coenzymes --- Chemicals and Drugs --- Animal Biochemistry --- Human Anatomy & Physiology --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Structure-activity relationships --- Nucleases. --- Structure-activity relationships. --- RNases --- Nucleases

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This book provides the first and only comprehensive description and detailed summary of the genetics, structure, function, mechanisms of action, evolution and engineering of homing endonucleases and inteins. These two unique protein superfamilies, which are tied together through their frequent fusion and coevolution, have generated considerable excitement for their fundamental, structural, and functional properties, their evolution as parasitic elements, and their widespread applications as gene targeting agents and as instruments for the generation of modified proteins and novel protein combinations.

Endonucleases. --- Protein engineering. --- Engineering, Protein --- Protein design --- Proteins --- Biochemical engineering --- Genetic engineering --- Nucleases --- Design --- Biochemistry. --- Cytology. --- Biochemical engineering. --- Genetic engineering. --- Biochemistry, general. --- Cell Biology. --- Biochemical Engineering. --- Genetic Engineering. --- Designed genetic change --- Engineering, Genetic --- Gene splicing --- Genetic intervention --- Genetic surgery --- Genetic recombination --- Biotechnology --- Transgenic organisms --- Bio-process engineering --- Bioprocess engineering --- Biochemistry --- Chemical engineering --- Cell biology --- Cellular biology --- Biology --- Cells --- Cytologists --- Biological chemistry --- Chemical composition of organisms --- Organisms --- Physiological chemistry --- Chemistry --- Medical sciences --- Composition --- Cell biology.

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Mitochondria play an increasingly central role in the context of cellular physiology. These organelles possess their own genome (mtDNA), which is functionally coordinated with the nuclear genome. Mitochondrial gene expression is mediated by molecular processes (replication, transcription, translation, and assembly of respiratory chain complexes) that all take place within the mitochondria. Several aspects of mtDNA expression have already been well characterized, but many more either are under debate or have yet to be discovered. Understanding the molecular processes occurring in mitochondria also has clinical relevance. Dysfunctions affecting these important metabolic ‘hubs’ are associated with a whole range of severe disorders, known as mitochondrial diseases. In recent years, significant progress has been made to understand the pathogenic mechanisms underlying mitochondrial dysfunction; however, to date, mitochondrial diseases are complex genetic disorders without any effective therapy. Current therapeutic strategies and clinical trials are aimed at mitigating clinical manifestations and slowing the disease progression to improve the quality of life of patients. The goal of the Special Issue ‘Mitochondria: from Physiology to Pathology’ published in Life (ISSN: 2075-1729) was to collect research and review articles covering the physiological and pathological aspects related to mtDNA maintenance and gene expression, mitochondrial biogenesis, protein import, organelle metabolism, and quality control.

atherosclerosis --- carotid intima-media thickness --- mitochondrial mutations --- cardiovascular risk factors --- mitochondria --- mtDNA --- cristae --- mitochondrial fission --- mitochondrial fusion --- mitochondrial diseas --- mitochondrial dynamics --- mitoenergetics --- mitosteroidogenesis --- LH --- cAMP --- Leydig cell --- mitochondrial DNA segregation --- heteroplasmy --- selective elimination --- mitophagy --- mitochondrial engineered nucleases --- kinases --- phosphorylation --- disease --- PINK1 --- Parkinson’s disease --- mitochondria homeostasis --- Cterm --- MELAS --- transmitochondrial cybrids --- aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases --- LARS2 --- mitochondrial disease --- therapeutic peptides --- FAD synthase --- FAD1 --- mitochondria localization --- Saccharomyces cerevisiae --- mRNA --- mitochondrial localization motif --- n/a --- Parkinson's disease

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Ribonucleases are a ubiquitous and functionally diverse group of enzymes that have a common ability to cleave RNA. Either through scission of internal phosphodiesters, or removal of nucleotides from RNA 5’ or 3’ ends, ribonucleases perform essential roles in gene expression and regulation, genome replication and maintenance, host defense, stress response, and viral strategies of infection. Ribonucleases have also served as highly informative models to understand virtually every aspect of biomolecular structure and function. The fifteen chapters in this volume are written by recognized researchers in the field, and provide in-depth analyses of the major ribonuclease families. Particular focus is given to the relation of ribonuclease structure and mechanism to biological function, as well as ribonuclease dysfunction in certain disease states. Other topics include the evolutionary genetics and functional diversification of ribonucleases, engineered ribonucleases as anti-cancer agents, the mechanisms of action of artificial ribonucleases, and ribonucleases as models to understand protein folding and stability. This volume should serve as an essential reference for a broad range of researchers and educators with interests in RNA metabolism, enzymology, and gene regulation.

Ribonucleases -- Structure-activity relationships. --- Ribonucleases. --- Ribonucleases --- Esterases --- Biological Science Disciplines --- Natural Science Disciplines --- Hydrolases --- Disciplines and Occupations --- Enzymes --- Enzymes and Coenzymes --- Chemicals and Drugs --- Physiology --- Human Anatomy & Physiology --- Chemistry --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Animal Biochemistry --- Biochemistry --- RNases --- Life sciences. --- Molecular biology. --- Nucleic acids. --- Enzymology. --- Cell biology. --- Life Sciences. --- Nucleic Acid Chemistry. --- Cell Biology. --- Molecular Medicine. --- Nucleases --- Enzymes. --- Cytology. --- Medicine. --- Cell biology --- Cellular biology --- Biology --- Cells --- Cytologists --- Polynucleotides --- Biomolecules --- Clinical sciences --- Medical profession --- Human biology --- Life sciences --- Medical sciences --- Pathology --- Physicians --- Biocatalysts --- Ferments --- Soluble ferments --- Catalysts --- Proteins --- Enzymology --- Health Workforce --- Molecular biochemistry --- Molecular biophysics --- Biophysics --- Systems biology --- Biomaterials. --- Medicine --- Nucleic Acid. --- Biomedical Research. --- Research. --- Biological research --- Biomedical research

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In this book, seven chapters describe studies aimed at understanding and exploiting the key features of such molecular RNA and DNA devices. In the first section of the book, four chapters are devoted to artificial nucleic acid switches and sensors. These chapters introduce the concept of allosteric ribozymes as molecular switches and sensors; describe nucleic acid enzymes that are switched by oligonucleotides and other nucleic acid enzymes that are switched by proteins; and illustrate how switching elements can be integrated ration-ally into fluorescently signaling molecular sensors made out of nucleic acids. In the second section of the book, three chapters show that nature has been as crafty a molecular-scale engineer as any modern scientist via evolution of natural nucleic acid switches and sensors. RNAs have been found whose activities are modulated either by proteins or by small-molecule metabolites, and both kinds of system are described. Finally, the notion of exploiting naturally occurring RNA switches for drug development is discussed.

Biomedicine. --- Human Genetics. --- Medical Microbiology. --- Medicine. --- Human genetics. --- Microbiology. --- Médecine --- Génétique humaine --- Microbiologie --- Biosensors. --- Catalytic RNA. --- RNA -- Biotechnology. --- Catalytic RNA --- Biosensors --- RNA --- Enzymes --- Nucleic Acids, Nucleotides, and Nucleosides --- RNA, Untranslated --- Genes, Regulator --- Molecular Probe Techniques --- Metabolic Phenomena --- RNA, Catalytic --- Biosensing Techniques --- Metabolism --- Genes, Switch --- Nucleic Acids --- Investigative Techniques --- Genes --- Chemicals and Drugs --- Enzymes and Coenzymes --- Phenomena and Processes --- Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment --- Genome Components --- Genome --- Genetic Structures --- Genetic Phenomena --- Human Anatomy & Physiology --- Biology --- Medicine --- Pathology --- Animal Biochemistry --- Genetics --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Biotechnology --- Biotechnology. --- Biodetectors --- Biological detectors --- Biological sensors --- Biomedical detectors --- Biomedical sensors --- Ribonucleic acid enzymes --- Ribozymes --- RNA enzymes --- Medical microbiology. --- Detectors --- Medical instruments and apparatus --- Physiological apparatus --- Non-coding RNA --- Nucleases