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The book covers the design formulations for broadband beamformer targeting nearfield and farfield sources. The book content includes background information on the acoustic environment, including propagation medium, the array geometries, signal models and basic beamformer designs. Subsequently it introduces design formulation for nearfield, farfield and mixed nearfield-farfield beamformers and extends the design formulation into electronically steerable beamformers. In addition, a robust formulation is introduced for all the designs mentioned.

Microphone arrays. --- Arrays, Microphone --- Engineering. --- Acoustics. --- Electrical engineering. --- Signal, Image and Speech Processing. --- Communications Engineering, Networks. --- Microphone. --- Sound --- Transducers --- Equipment and supplies --- Telecommunication. --- Electric communication --- Mass communication --- Telecom --- Telecommunication industry --- Telecommunications --- Communication --- Information theory --- Telecommuting --- Signal processing. --- Image processing. --- Speech processing systems. --- Electric engineering --- Engineering --- Computational linguistics --- Electronic systems --- Modulation theory --- Oral communication --- Speech --- Telecommunication --- Singing voice synthesizers --- Pictorial data processing --- Picture processing --- Processing, Image --- Imaging systems --- Optical data processing --- Processing, Signal --- Information measurement --- Signal theory (Telecommunication)

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This book provides a systematic study of the fundamental theory and methods of beamforming with differential microphone arrays (DMAs), or differential beamforming in short. It begins with a brief overview of differential beamforming and some popularly used DMA beampatterns such as the dipole, cardioid, hypercardioid, and supercardioid, before providing essential background knowledge on orthogonal functions and orthogonal polynomials, which form the basis of differential beamforming. From a physical perspective, a DMA of a given order is defined as an array that measures the differential acoustic pressure field of that order; such an array has a beampattern in the form of a polynomial whose degree is equal to the DMA order. Therefore, the fundamental and core problem of differential beamforming boils down to the design of beampatterns with orthogonal polynomials. But certain constraints also have to be considered so that the resulting beamformer does not seriously amplify the sensors’ self noise and the mismatches among sensors. Accordingly, the book subsequently revisits several performance criteria, which can be used to evaluate the performance of the derived differential beamformers. Next, differential beamforming is placed in a framework of optimization and linear system solving, and it is shown how different beampatterns can be designed with the help of this optimization framework. The book then presents several approaches to the design of differential beamformers with the maximum DMA order, with the control of the white noise gain, and with the control of both the frequency invariance of the beampattern and the white noise gain. Lastly, it elucidates a joint optimization method that can be used to derive differential beamformers that not only deliver nearly frequency-invariant beampatterns, but are also robust to sensors’ self noise.

Applied Physics --- Electrical Engineering --- Telecommunications --- Electrical & Computer Engineering --- Engineering & Applied Sciences --- Beamforming. --- Microphone arrays. --- Arrays, Microphone --- Spatial filtering (Signal processing) --- Sound --- Signal processing --- Equipment and supplies --- Engineering. --- Signal, Image and Speech Processing. --- Construction --- Industrial arts --- Technology --- Signal processing. --- Image processing. --- Speech processing systems. --- Computational linguistics --- Electronic systems --- Information theory --- Modulation theory --- Oral communication --- Speech --- Telecommunication --- Singing voice synthesizers --- Pictorial data processing --- Picture processing --- Processing, Image --- Imaging systems --- Optical data processing --- Processing, Signal --- Information measurement --- Signal theory (Telecommunication)

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Recently, we proposed a completely novel and efficient way to design differential beamforming algorithms for linear microphone arrays. Thanks to this very flexible approach, any order of differential arrays can be designed. Moreover, they can be made robust against white noise amplification, which is the main inconvenience in these types of arrays. The other well-known problem with linear arrays is that electronic steering is not really feasible.  In this book, we extend all these fundamental ideas to circular microphone arrays and show that we can design small and compact differential arrays of any order that can be electronically steered in many different directions and offer a good degree of control of the white noise amplification problem, high directional gain, and frequency-independent response. We also present a number of practical examples, demonstrating that differential beamforming with circular microphone arrays is likely one of the best candidates for applications involving speech enhancement (i.e., noise reduction and dereverberation). Nearly all of the material presented is new and will be of great interest to engineers, students, and researchers working with microphone arrays and their applications in all types of telecommunications, security and surveillance contexts.

Engineering. --- Signal, Image and Speech Processing. --- Communications Engineering, Networks. --- Telecommunication. --- Ingénierie --- Télécommunications --- Engineering & Applied Sciences --- Electrical & Computer Engineering --- Electrical Engineering --- Telecommunications --- Applied Physics --- Microphone arrays. --- Arrays, Microphone --- Electrical engineering. --- Sound --- Equipment and supplies --- Electric communication --- Mass communication --- Telecom --- Telecommunication industry --- Communication --- Information theory --- Telecommuting --- Signal processing. --- Image processing. --- Speech processing systems. --- Electric engineering --- Engineering --- Computational linguistics --- Electronic systems --- Modulation theory --- Oral communication --- Speech --- Telecommunication --- Singing voice synthesizers --- Pictorial data processing --- Picture processing --- Processing, Image --- Imaging systems --- Optical data processing --- Processing, Signal --- Information measurement --- Signal theory (Telecommunication)

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In 1993, Prince infamously changed his name to a unique, unpronounceable symbol. Yet this was only one of a long string of self-reinventions orchestrated by Prince as he refused to be typecast by the music industry’s limiting definitions of masculinity and femininity, of straightness and queerness, of authenticity and artifice, or of black music and white music. Revealing how he continually subverted cultural expectations, I Wonder U examines the entirety of Prince’s diverse career as a singer, multi-instrumentalist, songwriter, producer, record label mogul, movie star, and director. It shows how, by blending elements of R&B, rock, and new wave into an extremely videogenic package, Prince was able to overcome the color barrier that kept black artists off of MTV. Yet even at his greatest crossover success, he still worked hard to retain his credibility among black music fans. In this way, Adilifu Nama suggests, Prince was able to assert a distinctly black political sensibility while still being perceived as a unique musical genius whose appeal transcended racial boundaries.

Music and race --- Sex in music --- Sexuality in music --- Music --- Race and music --- Race --- History --- Prince --- Artist Formerly Known as Prince --- Nelson, Prince Rogers --- TAFKAP --- Criticism and interpretation. --- Prince, Prince Rogers Nelson, musician, music, race, African American studies, singer, songwriter, gender, masculinity, femininity, sexuality, queer, queerness, straightness, black music, white music, music industry, cultural expectations, multi-instrumentalist, producer, record label mogul, movie star, director, R&B, rock, new wave, color barrier, MTV, guitar, microphone, drums.

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Modern computer technology has opened up new opportunities for the development of digital signal processing methods. The applications of digital signal processing have expanded significantly and today include audio and speech processing, sonar, radar, and other sensor array processing, spectral density estimation, statistical signal processing, digital image processing, signal processing for telecommunications, control systems, biomedical engineering, and seismology, among others. This Special Issue is aimed at wide coverage of the problems of digital signal processing, from mathematical modeling to the implementation of problem-oriented systems. The basis of digital signal processing is digital filtering. Wavelet analysis implements multiscale signal processing and is used to solve applied problems of de-noising and compression. Processing of visual information, including image and video processing and pattern recognition, is actively used in robotic systems and industrial processes control today. Improving digital signal processing circuits and developing new signal processing systems can improve the technical characteristics of many digital devices. The development of new methods of artificial intelligence, including artificial neural networks and brain-computer interfaces, opens up new prospects for the creation of smart technology. This Special Issue contains the latest technological developments in mathematics and digital signal processing. The stated results are of interest to researchers in the field of applied mathematics and developers of modern digital signal processing systems.

digital filter --- finite field algebra --- conversion device --- module --- memory device --- residue --- feedback regulation --- digital signal analysis --- control efficacy --- residue number system --- redundant residue number system --- modular division --- fraction --- algorithm --- mathematical models of digital signal processing --- digital filtering --- maximum correntropy --- impulsive noise --- sparse channel estimation --- discrete wavelet transform --- medical imaging --- 3D image processing --- quantization noise --- harmonic wavelets --- classification --- kNN-algorithm --- deep neural networks --- machine learning --- Fourier transform --- short-time Fourier transform --- wavelet transform --- spectrogram --- confusion matrix --- ROC curve --- 3D model --- prosthetic design --- orientation --- positioning --- reconstruction --- speech enhancement --- adaptive filter --- microphone array --- sub-band processing --- filter bank --- posture classification --- skeleton detection --- motion capture --- exercise classification --- virtual rehabilitation --- wood defect --- CNN --- ELM --- genetic algorithm --- detection