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This book tackles three puzzles of pacted transitions to democracy. First, why do autocrats ever step down from power peacefully if they know that they may be held accountable for their involvement in the ancien régime? Second, when does the opposition indeed refrain from meting out punishment to the former autocrats once the transition is complete? Third, why, in some countries, does transitional justice get adopted when successors of former communists hold parliamentary majorities? Monika Nalepa argues that infiltration of the opposition with collaborators of the authoritarian regime can serve as insurance against transitional justice, making their commitments to amnesty credible. This explanation also accounts for the timing of transitional justice across East Central Europe. Nalepa supports her theory using a combination of elite interviews, archival evidence, and statistical analysis of survey experiments in Poland, Hungary, and the Czech Republic.

Democratization --- Political purges --- Post-communism --- Transitional justice --- Justice --- Human rights --- Lustration (Political purges) --- Political parties --- Political party purges --- Purges, Political --- Purges --- Social Sciences --- Political Science

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Roughly ten million children were victims of political repression in the Soviet Union during the Stalinist era, the sons and daughters of peasants, workers, scientists, physicians, and political leaders considered by the regime to be dangerous to the political order. Ten grown victims, who as children suffered banishment, starvation, disease, anti-Semitism, and trauma resulting from their parents' condemnation and arrest, now freely share their stories.  The result is a powerful and moving oral history that will profoundly deepen the reader's understanding of life in the U.S.S.R. under the despotic reign of Joseph Stalin.

Political prisoners --- Political purges --- World War, 1939-1945 --- Communism --- Bolshevism --- Communist movements --- Leninism --- Maoism --- Marxism --- Trotskyism --- Collectivism --- Totalitarianism --- Post-communism --- Socialism --- Village communities --- European War, 1939-1945 --- Second World War, 1939-1945 --- World War 2, 1939-1945 --- World War II, 1939-1945 --- World War Two, 1939-1945 --- WW II (World War, 1939-1945) --- WWII (World War, 1939-1945) --- History, Modern --- Lustration (Political purges) --- Political parties --- Political party purges --- Purges, Political --- Prisoners of conscience --- Prisoners --- History. --- Social aspects --- Purges --- Stalin, Joseph, --- Soviet Union --- Politics and government --- Social conditions

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Judicial councils and other judicial self-government bodies have become a worldwide phenomenon. Democracies are increasingly turning to them to insulate the judiciary from the daily politics, to enhance independence and ensure judicial accountability. This book investigates the different forms of accountability and the taxonomy of mechanisms of control to determine a best practice methodology. The author expertly provides a meticulous analysis, using over 800 case studies from the Czech and Slovak disciplinary courts from 1993 to 2010 and creates a systematic framework the can be applied to future cases.

Judicial independence. --- Judicial power. --- Political questions and judicial power. --- Transitional justice. --- judicial power --- independence of the judiciary --- judge --- transitional justice --- case law --- Czechia --- Slovakia --- Slovakija --- Slovensko --- Σλοβακία --- Slovakkia --- Slowakei --- Slovacia --- Słowacja --- An tSlóvaic --- Slovakiet --- Slovaquie --- Slovaška --- Sllovakia --- Slovākija --- Република Словачка --- Slovacchia --- Словакия --- Slovakien --- Eslovaquia --- Eslováquia --- is-Slovakkja --- Szlovákia --- Slowakije --- Slovačka --- Словачка --- République slovaque --- Slovak Republic --- Repubblica slovacca --- República da Eslováquia --- Slovākijas Republika --- Republika Sllovake --- Slovenská republika --- Δημοκρατία της Σλοβακίας --- Republika Słowacka --- Slovakije --- Словашка република --- Slovaakse Republiek --- Den Slovakiske Republik --- ir-Repubblika Slovakka --- Szlovák Köztársaság --- República Eslovaca --- Slovačka Republika --- Slovakian tasavalta --- Republiken Slovakien --- Republica Slovacă --- Slovaki Vabariik --- Slovaška republika --- Σλοβακική Δημοκρατία --- Словакија --- die Slowakische Republik --- Slowaakse Republiek --- Slovakijos Respublika --- Poblacht na Seice --- Tjeckien --- Tsjechië --- Τσεχία --- Cechia --- Češka --- Czechy --- Čekija --- Tjekkiet --- Чешка Република --- Tschechien --- Tchéquie --- Csehország --- Tšehhi --- Čehija --- iċ-Ċekja --- Tšekki --- Chequia --- Чешка --- Republika Çeke --- Чехия --- Cehia --- Česko --- die Tschechische Republik --- Republika Czeska --- Češka republika --- Republiken Tjeckien --- République tchèque --- Česká republika --- ir-Repubblika Ċeka --- Τσεχική Δημοκρατία --- Tsjechische Republiek --- Чешка република --- Repubblica ceca --- Chéquia --- Den Tjekkiske Republik --- Tšehhi Vabariik --- Чехија --- Republica Cehă --- Češka Republika --- Čekijos Respublika --- Cseh Köztársaság --- Čehijas Republika --- Tšekin tasavalta --- República Checa --- cásdlí --- sodna praksa --- судска пракса --- giurisprudenza --- jurisprudență --- съдебна практика --- судска практика --- każistika --- jurisprudência --- soudcovské právo --- Rechtsprechung --- prípadové právo --- pretsedendiõigus --- jurisprudence --- retspraksis --- jurisprudentie --- νομολογία --- orzecznictwo --- praktikë gjyqësore --- sudska praksa --- esetjog --- rättspraxis --- teismų praktika --- oikeuskäytäntö --- jurisprudencia --- tiesu prakse --- teismų teisė --- преседан --- precedents --- ítélkezési gyakorlat --- jurisprudencija --- justiție de tranziție --- pereinamojo laikotarpio teisingumas --- justice transitionnelle --- justicia transicional --- tranzicijska pravda --- giustizia di transizione --- justiça transitória --- μεταβατική δικαιοσύνη --- övergångsrättvisa --- Übergangsjustiz --- átmeneti igazságszolgáltatás --- pārejas tiesiskums --- üleminekuperioodi õigusemõistmine --- tranzicijska pravičnost --- ġustizzja tranżizzjonali --- транзициска правда --- retsopgør i overgangsperioden --- overgangsjustitie --- přechodné soudnictví --- prechodné súdnictvo --- siirtymäkauden oikeusjärjestelyt --- правораздаване в условия на преход --- drejtësi kalimtare --- sprawiedliwość okresu przejściowego --- lustrācija --- reforma transitória do pessoal --- siirtymäkauden henkilöstöuudistus --- átmeneti közszolgálati reform --- prehodna kadrovska reforma --- retsopgør efter regimeskifte --- liustracija --- Unrechtsaufarbeitung --- üleminekuperioodi personalireform --- Lustration --- transitional personnel reform --- depuración ideológica --- renselse --- iestāžu personāla reforma pārejas posmā --- κάθαρση --- лустрация --- tranzicijska reforma o osoblju --- reforma kadrowa okresu przejściowego --- átvilágítás --- lustrace --- réforme transitionnelle du personnel --- reforma personalului în societățile în tranziție --- udrensning --- lustration --- pereinamojo laikotarpio žmogiškųjų išteklių reforma --- reforma transicional del personal --- giustizia transizionale --- overgangsjustits --- lustrácia --- lustratsioon --- virkakielto --- Übergangspersonalreform --- riforma tranżizzjonali tal-persunal --- transitionele personeelshervorming --- justiție tranzițională --- tisfija --- реформа по отношение на персонала в условията на преход --- μεταρρύθμιση μεταβατικού προσωπικού --- lustracija --- prechodná personálna reforma --- retsopgør efter regimeændring --- társadalmi megtisztulás --- riforma di transizione --- lustracja --- lustrazione --- saneamento --- zuivering --- lustrație --- gjyqtar --- sudca --- giudice --- Richter --- rechter --- kohtunik --- съдия --- судија --- judecător --- bíró --- δικαστής --- juge --- juez --- imħallef --- dommer --- sędzia --- soudce --- juiz --- tuomari --- sudac --- tiesnesis --- sodnik --- teisėjas --- domare --- judecător pentru minori --- undersøgelsesdommer --- судија на Врховен суд --- Untersuchungsrichter --- sbor soudců --- zittende magistratuur --- судија на Основен суд --- soudce kompetentní ve věcech dětí a mladistvých --- trup gjykues --- juge pour enfants --- tardytojas --- juiz de instrução --- giudice minorile --- rechter-commissaris --- juez de primera instancia --- δικαστής ανηλίκων --- tiesnesis referents --- Richteramt --- ettekandekohtunik --- magjistër për të mitur --- Richterschaft --- kinderrechter --- juiz de intervenção --- судија на Управен суд --- Jugendrichter --- domarkåren --- undersökningsdomare --- судија на Апелациски суд --- giudice istruttore --- dommerstand --- goda tiesnesis --- zbor sudcov --- magistrature assise --- magisztrátus --- soudní čekatel --- judicatura --- vyšetřující soudce --- juez de instrucción --- nepilnamečių bylų teismo teisėjas --- Richterstand --- judecător de instrucție --- juge d'instruction --- истражен судија --- the bench --- juez de distrito --- indipendenza del giudice --- ανακριτής --- Ermittlungsrichter --- juez de menores --- teisėjai --- examining magistrate --- magjistër hetues --- lapsia koskevia oikeudellisia asioita käsittelevä tuomari --- tuomarikunta --- children's magistrate --- kohtunikkond --- vyšetrujúci sudca --- magistratura giudicante --- sudca pre deti a mladistvých --- судија на Уставен суд --- istražni sudac --- judecător de primă instanță --- onderzoeksrechter --- rannsakningsdomare --- tutkintatuomari --- bírói testület --- domstolenes uafhængighed --- neodvisnost sodstva --- onafhankelijkheid van de rechterlijke macht --- nezávislosť súdnictva --- independencia de la justicia --- tiesu neatkarība --- независимост на правосъдието --- kohtute sõltumatus --- teismų nepriklausomumas --- pavarësia e gjyqësorit --- independență a justiției --- rättsväsendets oberoende --- Unabhängigkeit der Justiz --- indipendenza della giustizia --- bíróság függetlensége --- indépendance de la justice --- ανεξαρτησία της δικαιοσύνης --- независност судства --- niezawisłość sędziowska --- indipendenza tal-ġudikatura --- neovisnost sudstva --- независност на судството --- independência da justiça --- oikeuslaitoksen riippumattomuus --- nezávislost soudnictví --- судска независност --- bírósági függetlenség --- pavarësi gjyqësore --- tiesas neatkarība --- nezávislost soudů --- независност на правосудството --- tiesu sistēmas neatkarība --- independența sistemului judiciar --- judicial independence --- independence of the justice system --- teisingumo sistemos nepriklausomumas --- domstolarnas oberoende --- pavarësi e sistemit të drejtësisë --- kohtusüsteemi sõltumatus --- onafhankelijkheid van de rechtbanken --- nezávislost soudního rozhodování --- независност на судскиот систем --- neovisnost pravosuđa --- teisėjų nepriklausomumas --- независност на судовите --- kohtuvõim --- teisminė valdžia --- na breithiúna --- súdna právomoc --- władza sądownicza --- pushtet gjyqësor --- potere giudiziario --- rechterlijke macht --- setgħa ġudizzjarja --- dømmende myndighed --- sodna oblast --- richterliche Gewalt --- судска власт --- sudbena vlast --- съдебна власт --- putere judecătorească --- tuomiovalta --- dömande makt --- poder judicial --- tiesu vara --- δικαστική εξουσία --- bírói hatalom --- pouvoir judiciaire --- soudní pravomoc --- sudska vlast --- igazságszolgáltatás --- Consejo General del Poder Judicial --- soudcovská moc --- ordine giudiziario --- Judikative --- моќ за пресудување --- soudní moc --- pouvoir juridictionnel --- pouvoir de juridiction --- poder de jurisdição --- poder jurisdicional --- rechtsprechende Gewalt --- Judicial activism --- Judicial power and political questions --- Act of state --- Administrative discretion --- Judicial review --- Jurisdiction --- Law --- Rule of law --- Separation of powers --- Judiciary --- Justiciability --- Power, Judicial --- Constitutional law --- Courts --- Implied powers (Constitutional law) --- Judicial independence --- Independence of the judiciary --- Independent judiciary --- Judicial power --- Justice --- Human rights --- Political aspects --- cumhacht bhreithiúnach

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The vast and complex tragedy of Stalin's purges, culminating in the Great Terror, made victims of millions of Russians between 1932 and 1939. This gripping book assembles and translates into English for the first time an astonishing array of formerly top secret Soviet documents from that period. Exposing to daylight the hidden inner workings of the Communist Party and the dark inhumanity of the purge process, these documents immeasurably deepen our understanding of an agonizing episode of Soviet history.From dossiers on the liquidated Soviet elite to police reports of peasant unrest to private letters from victims and purgers to secret transcripts of Central Committee meetings, the nearly two hundred documents presented here confirm Stalin's role as executor of the terror. Yet the top party elite, or nomenklatura, were also key to the unfolding of a terror that proceeded with fits and starts, moves and countermoves, and steps toward and away from the abyss. From 1932 to early 1937 Stalin and the nomenklatura agreed on the need to destroy all dissidents, to stage show trials, to carry out mass arrests, purges, and shootings, and to prevent any resistance to these "cleansings." Eventually deep insecurities that magnified any opposition and iron discipline within the party led the nomenklatura to support Stalin in purging their own colleagues, and in 1937 and 1938 they serially voted one another into prison.

Political purges --- Terrorism --- Acts of terrorism --- Attacks, Terrorist --- Global terrorism --- International terrorism --- Political terrorism --- Terror attacks --- Terrorist acts --- Terrorist attacks --- World terrorism --- Direct action --- Insurgency --- Political crimes and offenses --- Subversive activities --- Political violence --- Terror --- Lustration (Political purges) --- Political parties --- Political party purges --- Purges, Political --- History --- Purges --- Stalin, Joseph, --- Djougatchvili, Iossif Vissarionovitch, --- Джугашвили, Иосиф Виссарионович, --- Dzhugashvili, Iosif Vissarionovich, --- Koba, --- Shih-tʻai-lin, --- Sidalin, --- Ssu-ta-lin, --- Stalin, Giuseppe, --- Сталин, И. В. --- Stalin, I. V. --- Сталин, Иосиф, --- Stalin, Iosif, --- Сталин, К., --- Stalin, K., --- Staline, --- Staline, Joseph, --- Staljin, J. V., --- Sutārin, --- Soselo, --- Stalini, Ioseb Besarionis że, --- Sṭalin, Y. Ṿ., --- Sṭalin, Y., --- Stalin, Josef, --- Stalin, Josef Vissarionovich, --- סטאלין, יאסיף, --- סטאלין, י. --- סטאלין, י. וו --- סטאלין, י. װ. --- סטאלין, י., --- סטלין, יוסיף ויסאריונוביץ׳, --- סטלין, יוסף --- 斯大林, --- Stalin, Jossif Vissarionovitš, --- Sztálin, Joszif, --- Istālīn, Yūsīf Vīsāryūnūvīch, --- استالين، يوسيف ويساريونووتج, --- Kommunisticheskai͡a partii͡a Sovetskogo Soi͡uza --- Kommunisticheskai︠a︡ partii︠a︡ Rossiĭskoĭ Federat︠s︡ii --- Kommunisticheskai︠a︡ partii︠a︡ RSFSR --- Vsesoi︠u︡znai︠a︡ kommunisticheskai︠a︡ partii︠a︡ (bolʹshevikov) (1925-1952) --- Vsesoi︠u︡znai︠a︡ kommunisticheskai︠a︡ partii︠a︡ (bolʹshevikov) (1991- ) --- Communist Party of the Soviet Union --- Communist Party of USSR --- CPSU --- Đảng cộng sản Liên xô --- Kamunistychnai︠a︡ partyi︠a︡ Savetskaha Sai︠u︡za --- KKSE --- Kommounistikon Komma tēs Sobietikēs Henōseōs --- Kommunistische Partei der Sowjet Union --- Komunistička partija Sovjetskog Saveza --- Komunistická strana Sovětského svazu --- Komunistychna partii︠a︡ Radi︠a︡nsʹkoho Soi︠u︡zu --- Komunistyczna Partia Związku Radzieckiego --- KPdSU --- KPR --- KPRS --- KPSS --- KPZR --- KSSS --- KSSZ --- Miflagah ha-ḳomunisṭit shel Berit-ha-Moʻatsot --- Neuvostoliiton kommunistinen puolue --- NKP --- NLKP --- Nõukogude Liidu Kommunistlik Partei --- Partai Komunis Uni Sovjet --- Parti communiste de l'Union soviétique --- Partido Comunista de la Unión Soviética --- Partido Comunista Ruso --- Partito comunista Unione sovietica --- PCUS --- Phō̜kō̜sō̜sō̜ --- PKUS --- Rokoku Kyōsantō --- Roshia Kyōsantō --- Rosia Kongsandang --- Sabčotʻa Kavširis Komunisturi Partia --- SKKP --- SMKK --- SMKP --- Sobieto Kyōsantō --- Soren Kyōsantō --- Sorenpō Kyōsantō --- Sov. IKP --- Sovet Ittifagy Kommunist Partii̐asy --- Sovetakan Miutʻian Komunistakan Kusaktsʻutʻyun --- Sovetakan Miutʻian Komunistakan Partia --- Soviet Communist Party --- Soviet Union. --- Sōviyata Saṅghakī Kamyunisṭa Pārṭī --- Sovjetunionens kommunistiska parti --- Sovyetler Birliği Komünist Partisi --- Su-lien kung chʻan tang --- SUKP --- SZKP --- Szovjetunió Kommunista Pártja --- U̇mum Ittifag Kommunist Partii︠a︡sy --- Zenrenpō Kyōsantō --- ZKhUKN --- Zȯvlȯlt Kholboot Ulsyn Kommunist Nam --- Коммунистическая партия Советского Союза --- אלקפ (ב) --- מפלגה הקומוניסטית של ברית־המועצות --- 蘇聯共產黨 --- Soviet Union --- Советский Союз --- Ber. ha-M. --- Zwia̦zek Socjalistycznych Republik Radzieckich --- Szovjetunió --- TSRS --- Tarybų Socialistinių Respublikų Sąjunga --- SRSR --- Soi︠u︡z Radi︠a︡nsʹkykh Sot︠s︡ialistychnykh Respublik --- SSSR --- Soi︠u︡z Sovetskikh Sot︠s︡ialisticheskikh Respublik --- UdSSR --- Shūravī --- Ittiḥād-i Jamāhīr-i Ishtirākīyah-i Shūrāʼīyah --- Russia (1923- U.S.S.R.) --- Sovetskiy Soyuz --- Soyuz SSR --- Sovetskiĭ Soi︠u︡z --- Soi︠u︡z SSR --- Uni Sovjet --- Union of Soviet Socialist Republics --- USSR --- SSṚM --- Sovetakan Sotsʻialistakan Ṛespublikaneri Miutʻyun --- SSHM --- Sovetakan Sotsʻialistakan Hanrapetutʻyunneri Miutʻyun --- URSS --- Unión de Repúblicas Socialistas Soviéticas --- Berit ha-Moʻatsot --- Rusyah --- Ittiḥād al-Sūfiyītī --- Rusiyah --- Rusland --- Soṿet-Rusland --- Uni Soviet --- Union soviétique --- Zȯvlȯlt Kholboot Uls --- Związek Radziecki --- ESSD --- Sahaphāp Sōwīat --- KhSHM --- SSR Kavširi --- Russland --- SNTL --- PSRS --- Su-lien --- Sobhieṭ Ẏuniẏana --- FSSR --- Unione Sovietica --- Ittiḥād-i Shūravī --- Soviyat Yūniyan --- Russian S.F.S.R. --- Politics and government --- Związek Socjalistycznych Republik Radzieckich --- ZSRR --- Związek Socjalistycznych Republik Sowieckich --- ZSRS --- Σταλιν, Ιωσηφ, --- Stalin, Ιōsēph, --- Jughashvili, Ioseb, --- Jughashvili, Ioseb Vissarionovich, --- Jughashvili, Koba,