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This book provides a resource for the science or medical professional interested in islet biology. With a mix of review articles and studies showing primary data, new advances in islet inflammation and metabolic homeostasis are highlighted. The topics are succinctly presented by distinct viewpoints. An introduction to the Special Issue, with summaries of the studies included, is provided by the Guest Editors.

beta cell death --- beta cell dysfunction --- beta cell failure --- ER stress --- hyperglycemia --- obesity --- oxidative stress --- saturated fatty acids --- beta cell hypofunction --- beta cell hyperfunction --- glucolipotoxicity --- low carbohydrate diet --- ketogenic diet --- insulin sensitivity --- pancreas --- islet of Langerhans --- proinflammatory cytokines --- NADPH oxidases --- Rac1 --- pancreatic beta cell --- diabetes --- β-cell --- macrophage --- islet --- cytokine --- insulin --- transcriptomics --- type 2 diabetes --- insulin resistance --- inflammation --- gut microbiome --- untargeted plasma metabolomics --- polyunsaturated fatty acids --- prostaglandins --- insulin secretion --- beta-cell function --- n/a

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The purpose of this Special Issue “The Role of Nutrition in Cardiometabolic Health: Experimental, Clinical, and Community-Based Evidence” is to publish a focused, coherent, impactful, and well-cited volume on how nutrition influences diverse cardiometabolic risk factors. Cardiometabolic diseases, such as coronary heart disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and obesity, is the leading cause of death worldwide. In recent years, dietary habits have shifted all over the globe. At the same time, a constantly growing body of evidence demonstrates the role of caloric intake and dietary composition as determinants of cardiometabolic health. Suboptimal diet predisposes to a myriad of cardiometabolic risk factors such as impaired glucose metabolism, insulin resistance, dyslipidaemias, and high blood pressure.

vitamin D --- obesity --- microvascular --- bariatric surgery --- weight loss --- nitric oxide --- cardiac remodeling --- cardiac dysfunction --- echocardiogram --- obese rats --- high-fat high-sugar diet --- vascular stiffness --- blood pressure --- whey protein isolate --- older adults --- dietary factor --- cardiovascular disease --- umbrella review --- low-carbohydrate diet --- hypocaloric --- isocaloric --- women health --- conduit artery --- microvasculature --- cardiovascular risks --- primary prevention --- homocysteine --- folate --- vitamin B12 --- vascular dysfunction --- hepatocyte --- TGR5 --- glucose regulation --- homocysteine and vascular disease --- H3K27me3 --- epigenetics --- atherosclerosis --- MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) --- liver --- metabolic regulation --- laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy --- micronutrients --- deficiency --- body mass index --- cardiotonic steroids --- left ventricular mass --- marinobufagenin --- dietary salt intake --- young adults

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The prevalence of diabetes is on the increase in the UK and worldwide, partly due to changes in lifestyle which predispose individuals to overweight and obesity. It is estimated that about 90% of the currently diagnosed adults have type 2 diabetes, and based on the World Health Organisation (WHO) report, about 422 million adults were living with diabetes in 2014 compared with 108 million in 1980; this condition caused about 1.5 million deaths in 2012. In the United States of America, it is estimated that about 30.3 million adults are living with diabetes, with a further 1.5 million new diabetes cases diagnosed every year, representing an increasing prevalence of this condition. Diabetes represents a major public health challenge, despite advances in technology and the pharmaceutical industry. These problems may be in the form of acute or long-term complications. Therefore, in order to attenuate the problems of diabetes, management strategies usually include lifestyle changes such as increased physical activity and dietary interventions. Studies which evaluate the role of nutrition in the management of type 2 diabetes often involve human and animal models as these approaches enable us to have a broader and more in-depth understanding of the condition. In some cases, diabetes may co-exist with other conditions, such as stroke, and these may present unique challenges with regard to nutritional interventions. This Special Issue aims to evaluate the risk factors associated with type 2 diabetes and the role of the diet in the management of people with this condition. This evidence is drawn from both human and animal studies.

low-carbohydrate --- lipids --- carbohydrate restricted diet --- aldosterone --- high fat diet --- interleukin-6 --- rosemary extract --- Hedychium coronarium --- isomaltulose --- low carbohydrate diet --- folk medicine --- free fatty acids (FFA) --- high-density lipoprotein cholesterol --- mushroom --- protein and fat counting --- incretins --- fish oil --- almond --- Japanese --- vitamin D deficiency --- low energy diet --- AMPK --- women --- glycaemic index --- T2DM --- zinc status --- ginseng --- longitudinal analysis --- dietary management approaches --- glucose monitoring --- gut microbiome --- nutritional supplement --- carbohydrate counting --- gestational diabetes --- type 2 diabetes mellitus --- very-low-calorie --- inflammatory parameters --- vitamin D --- subjective appetite --- randomised controlled trial --- total body lean --- insulin secretion --- systematic review --- lactic acid bacteria --- food --- type 2 diabetes --- fish --- zinc intake --- glycaemic control --- diabetes --- dairy products --- glycated haemoglobin --- short chain fatty acids --- glycated hemoglobin A --- glycemic control --- vegetable oil --- standard formula --- cardiovascular risk factors --- DASH --- insulin dosage --- appendicular fat --- body composition --- total body fat --- micronutrients --- 25-OH-D --- obesity --- diabetes reversal --- enteral nutrition --- PUFA --- body mass index --- metabolic syndrome --- lifestyle management --- nutrition --- streptozotocin --- nuts --- enteral tube feeding --- lipid profile --- macronutrients --- triglyceride --- tempeh --- cohort study --- diabetes specific formula --- polyunsaturated fatty acids --- diabetes mellitus --- calcium intake --- hyperglycemia --- epidemiology --- trace elements --- dietary intake --- muscle --- appendicular lean --- peanut --- insulin resistance --- sucromalt --- pancreatectomy --- energy restricted diet --- glycemic index --- type 1 diabetes --- fasting blood glucose --- bariatric surgery --- prediabetes --- aronia --- meta-analysis --- chronic conditions --- diabetes management --- dietary pattern --- diet quality --- lipid parameters --- feces