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To celebrate the 270th anniversary of the De Gruyter publishing house, the company is providing permanent open access to 270 selected treasures from the De Gruyter Book Archive. Titles will be made available to anyone, anywhere at any time that might be interested. The DGBA project seeks to digitize the entire backlist of titles published since 1749 to ensure that future generations have digital access to the high-quality primary sources that De Gruyter has published over the centuries.

Denken. --- Effizienz. --- Empiriokritizismus. --- Kraft. --- PHILOSOPHY / General.

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Mit der Formulierung der Allgemeinen Gleichgewichtstheorie liegt ein systematischer Ansatz in der ökonomischen Theoriegeschichte vor, die ökonomische Wissenschaft als eine den Naturwissenschaften analoge, exakte Wissenschaftsdisziplin auszuweisen und von der Moralsphäre abzugrenzen. Dieses utopische Ansinnen der Abgrenzung von ethischen Überlegungen führte mittels methodologischer Ummodellierungen jedoch nur zu einer kontinuierlichen Beschneidung der Aussagenreichweite der ökonomischen Wissenschaft und der Verschleierung der zugrundeliegenden Werturteile. Die Arbeit geht diesem Anspruch idealtypisch am Beispiel von L. Walras, F. Knight, L. Robbins und M. Friedman nach. Sie zeigt auf, dass die theoriegeschichtliche Entwicklung nicht eine kontinuierliche im Sinne des wissenschaftlichen Fortschritts darstellte und sucht die Wechselwirkungen zwischen Wissenschaft und Ethik aufzudecken.

dogmenthistorische --- Eine --- Ethik --- Friedman --- Friedman, Milton --- Knight, Frank Hyneman --- Kraft --- Léon --- Methodologie --- Milton --- Monetarismus --- Naturwissenschaft --- Neoklassische Theorie --- Ökonomie --- Theoriegeschichte --- Untersuchung --- Walras --- Walras, Léon --- Wirtschaftsethik --- Wissenschaft --- zwischen

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The intention of the book is to reduce the enormous Austrian research deficiency concerning the reappraisal of the sporting life during the NS-era. Therefore it will depict all sportive areas on the "Austrian" territory between March 1938 and April 1945, including top sports and sports for all, mass and minority sports, sports in clubs, youth sports and also sports practices of the formations of the NSDAP. Due to the enormous quantity of material, this overview will be contrasted by a precise analysis of three specific periods: the months after the "connection", the autumn 1939 and the period after Stalingrad. It can be shown, that and how the regime dictated the basic conditions of sports, but there can also be found some grey area, in which those who were involved found resp. created freedom by strategies of mutual adaptation. This freedom was used by different groups in specific ways: by the regime to calm down the working class or to soothe anti-Prussian resentments, by the athletes to get some privileges and by the spectators to keep a glimpse of good luck. Not instrumentalisation defined sports, but a negotiation of interests. It is just gaze on the everyday life of sports and the inherent permanent negotiations between regime and the people, that refer to the book's contribution to the long term discussion on national socialism, which exceeds the field of sports: The political and cultural system of the Nazi-era could not be understood by looking at power, competences or possibilities of the regime in comparison with the people's experiences and feelings of subjection, from which historical sciences construct the image of an interlude, which cannot be included in the evolutionary development of modernity. Looking on sports not only claryfies, to which extent cultural traditions led on and how "normality" was kept alive, but shows, in which ways changes and new valuations were obviously shared and use by the people. This concerned changing definitions of the sense of community, of gender, youth, work and performance. The special importance of sports can be found in substantiating these articulations by giving them authenticity and tracing them back to the nature of men. The analysis of sporting life in the NS-era may serve as an cause for questioning the contemporary gaze on the Nazi state. For all people, who were allowed to be included, life in national socialism offered - in spite of holocaust and World War - supply of a pleasant, self-determined and enjoyable livelihood. Who leaves aside or overlooks this facet of the Nazi dictatorship, will not be able to understand the acceptance and fascination of the regime and evoke just this often senseless metaphors of refusal, which mostly shape actual discourses.

Sports --- National socialism and sports --- History --- Sports and national socialism --- Field sports --- Pastimes --- Recreations --- Recreation --- Athletics --- Games --- Outdoor life --- Physical education and training --- Sport --- National Socialism --- Popular Culture --- Austria --- Deutschland --- Fußball --- Hitlerjugend --- Kraft durch Freude --- NS-Staat --- Österreich --- Sturmabteilung --- Wien

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La confirmation d’une obligation nulle, la ratification d’un acte accompli sans pouvoir et la réalisation d’une condition suspensive ont ceci en commun qu’elles tendent chacune à donner leur plein effet à des droits que l’on pouvait, jusqu’à cet instant, considérer comme inachevés. En outre, on considère généralement qu’un tel événement intervient de manière rétroactive. Cette idée en apparence simple masque une réalité juridique complexe ainsi que des différences fondamentales entre les institutions examinées. Quelle est, en effet, la signification véritable de l’effet rétroactif ? s’agit-il d’une fiction dangereuse ou d’une simple formule imagée ? Quelle est sa portée exacte pour les parties (sorts des fruits et du cours des intérêts, point de départ des délais de prescription…), mais aussi pour les tiers, qu’il s’agisse par exemple d’un sous-acquéreur ou des créanciers ? Peut-il aller jusqu’à porter atteinte à des droits acquis et, dans la négative, comment définir ceux-ci ? Le présent ouvrage, qui constitue la première étape d’une recherche plus vaste consacrée à l’étude de la rétroactivité en droit des contrats, tente d’apporter une réponse à ces questions. etayé par de nombreuses références doctrinales et jurisprudentielles, enrichi par un recours original au principe constitutionnel d’égalité ainsi que par des perspectives de droit comparé, il ambitionne d’offrir une approche scientifique solide de l’effet rétroactif des trois institutions étudiées tout en ne perdant jamais de vue les conséquences concrètes des solutions proposées. sont ainsi examinées des questions importantes pour la pratique telles que la ratification du congé pour motif grave ou l’efficacité de la condition suspensive comme sûreté.

Comparative law --- Law of obligations. Law of contract --- Belgium --- Contracts --- Obligations (Law) --- Contrats --- Obligations (Droit) --- Droit comparé --- EPUB-ALPHA-C EPUB-LIV-FT LIVDROIT STRADA-B --- Conditions (Law) --- Retroactive laws --- BE / Belgium - België - Belgique --- 347.0 --- 347.440 --- V75 - Obligations : généralités - Algemeen verbintenissenrecht --- BPB1108 --- Responsabilité contractuelle --- Rétroactivité de la loi --- retroaktywność ustawy --- retroactivitatea legilor --- retroattività ta’ liġi --- retroactividad de la ley --- retroaktivita zákona --- обратна сила на закона --- αναδρομικότητα του νόμου --- rückwirkende Kraft des Gesetzes --- seaduse tagasiulatuvus --- likuma atpakaļejošais spēks --- terugwerkende kracht van de wet --- retroatividade da lei --- lagens retroaktiva verkan --- lain taannehtivuus --- įstatymo veikimas atgaline data --- retroactivity of a law --- retroattività della legge --- visszaható hatály --- ретроактивност на закон --- fuqi prapavepruese e një ligji --- retroaktivnost zakona --- ретроактивност закона --- povratna veljavnost zakona --- lovs tilbagevirkende kraft --- αναδρομικό αποτέλεσμα --- tagasiulatuv jõud --- retroactive effect --- retroactividade da lei --- retroactivity --- повратно дејство на законите --- visszaható hatályú jogalkotás --- tagasiulatuvus --- efeito retroativo --- effet rétroactif --- veikimas atgaline data --- efficacia retroattiva --- efekt prapaveprues --- zpětná aktivita --- törvény visszaható hatálya --- tilbagevirkende kraft --- atpakaļejoša iedarbība --- retroactividad --- retroaktivita --- taannehtiva vaikutus --- retroaktívny účinok --- irretroattività --- retroaktivitet --- tiesību akts ar atpakaļejošu spēku --- ретроактивна примена на закон --- rückwirkender Effekt --- ретроактивност --- αναδρομικότητα --- retroaktivnost --- retroactivitate --- αναδρομική ισχύς --- ретроактивно дејство на законот --- rétroactivité --- zpětná účinnost zákona --- atpakaļejošs spēks --- taannehtivuus --- effetto retroattivo --- retroaktiv effekt --- prapaveprim --- efect retroactiv --- retroattività --- efecto retroactivo --- povratno djelovanje --- terugwerkende kracht --- dliteanas conarthach --- responsabilità contrattuale --- līgumiska atbildība --- odpowiedzialność kontraktowa --- уговорна одговорност --- avtalsenligt ansvar --- szerződéses felelősség --- závazková odpovědnost --- συμβατική ευθύνη --- responsabilidade contratual --- kontraktansvar --- zmluvná zodpovednosť --- contractuele aansprakelijkheid --- vertragliche Haftung --- responsabilidad contractual --- договорна одговорност --- договорна отговорност --- contractual liability --- përgjegjësi kontraktuale --- ugovorna odgovornost --- responsabbiltà kuntrattwali --- responsabilitate contractuală --- sopimusperusteinen vastuu --- atsakomybė už sutarties vykdymą --- lepinguline vastutus --- pogodbena odgovornost --- responsabilità extracontrattuale --- недоговорна одговорност --- līgumatbildība --- odpovědnost ze závazku --- извршување договорни обврски --- smluvní odpovědnost --- Burgerlijk recht, privaatrecht: algemene werken en handboeken --- Contracten (algemeenheden) --- E-books --- cúlghabhálacht dlí --- Belgique --- Rétroactivité de la loi --- Responsabilité contractuelle --- Conditions (droit) --- Rétroactivité des lois

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Biofuels have recently attracted a lot of attention, mainly as alternative fuels for applications in energy generation and transportation. The utilization of biofuels in such controlled combustion processes has the great advantage of not depleting the limited resources of fossil fuels while leading to emissions of greenhouse gases and smoke particles similar to those of fossil fuels. On the other hand, a vast amount of biofuels are subjected to combustion in small-scale processes, such as for heating and cooking in residential dwellings, as well as in agricultural operations, such as crop residue removal and land clearing. In addition, large amounts of biomass are consumed annually during forest and savanna fires in many parts of the world. These types of burning processes are typically uncontrolled and unregulated. Consequently, the emissions from these processes may be larger compared to industrial-type operations. Aside from direct effects on human health, especially due to a sizeable fraction of the smoke emissions remaining inside residential homes, the smoke particles and gases released from uncontrolled biofuel combustion impose significant effects on the regional and global climate. Estimates have shown the majority of carbonaceous airborne particulate matter to be derived from the combustion of biofuels and biomass. “Production of Biofuels and Numerical Modelling of Chemical Combustion Systems” comprehensively overviews and includes in-depth technical research papers addressing recent progress in biofuel production and combustion processes. To be specific, this book contains sixteen high-quality studies (fifteen research papers and one review paper) addressing techniques and methods for bioenergy and biofuel production as well as challenges in the broad area of process modelling and control in combustion processes.

microalgae --- hydrothermal liquefaction --- pretreatment --- low O and N biocrude --- biodiesel --- esterification --- free fatty acids --- glycerol --- waste cooking oil --- Computational Fluid Dynamics --- two-stroke --- dual-fuel engine --- simulation --- pre-combustion chamber --- internal combustion engine --- particulate matter emissions --- biomorphic silicon carbide --- vegetal waste --- diesel particulate filter --- biocrude --- metal-oxide catalyst --- bioethanol --- dilute acid pretreatment --- enzymatic hydrolysis --- olive stones --- Pachysolen tannophilus --- response surface methodology --- compression ignition --- direct injection --- cryogenic gas --- diesel engines --- dual fuel engines --- natural gas --- greenhouse gas emissions --- particulate matter --- carotenoids --- extremophiles --- microalgal biotechnology --- eucalyptus kraft lignin --- tree leaf --- pellet --- additive --- biofuel --- circular economy --- piston bowl --- alternative fuel --- vanes --- emulsified biofuel --- combustion --- gasification --- olive --- olive oils --- olive-pruning debris --- olive pomaces --- pyrolysis --- biogas --- environmental impact --- life cycle assessment --- olive pomace --- sustainability --- TGA --- hemicellulose --- cellulose --- lignin --- pseudocomponent kinetic model --- biomass --- culture --- scale-up --- Phaeodactylum tricornutum --- burning characteristics --- fatty acid methyl ester --- added water content --- fuel structure --- distillation temperature --- layered double hydroxide --- toluene steam reforming --- tar --- Ni-based catalyst --- hydrotalcite --- hydrogen production --- n/a