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The growth of urban areas and population in middle and low income countries is a continuing trend. Urbanization expands as rural to urban migration offers better income opportunities in cities. This trend is both a source of development opportunities and challenges for the housing sector. On the one hand, housing is a large and growing market, and on the other, massive slums confirm the poor housing conditions in many developing countries. These adverse conditions mirror inadequate housing policies, inefficient or absent property registration, as well as limits to access to housing finance. Provision of affordable housing is therefore an important topic in the fight against poverty. This book focuses on solutions that improve the enabling environment for the poor in accessing housing finance. It explores how to develop and integrate housing finance into a sustainable financial system for developing countries and offers ways in which low-income families can obtain better access to housing finance. This book provides a conceptual framework for housing finance development and addresses practical solutions in the provision of housing finance and compares different approaches. The global financial crisis which originated in the US sub-prime housing market has not altered the underlying reality of global housing finance: the majority of people in developing countries still do not have access to formal housing finance. Nor has it answered the biggest question: how can they be served in a sustainable way? Connecting this unserved group to appropriate housing finance products through robust financial systems must remain a top policy priority if these nations are to enjoy long term, broad-based economic growth. It is also a great opportunity for new and existing housing finance providers. DAVID PORTEOUS, Director, Bankable Frontier Associates Where property in the form of private homes is secure, people can focus on work rather than protecting their property. One of the major effects of the property rights reform driven by Hernando de Soto in Peru put more children into school. Why? Adults spent less time safeguarding their property and could search for and find better jobs. This enabled them to send their children to school. Houses are also important for those who start up businesses. The most practical source of finance beyond help from family and friends tends to be a mortgage on property. For a mortgage market to develop, banks have to be able to foreclose on property of those who cannot pay back. The obvious attractions of housing policy as a plank of social policy can also lead to policies that backfire, as the recent example of the United States shows. Housing finance is a major component of the fight against poverty. For property to yield all its benefits, institutional reforms are required – chief among them secure property rights for owners and enforceable creditor rights for financiers. Sensible regulations for zoning and construction also help. However, political pressure on banks to ignore the credit risk of home ownership or to cease foreclosures when things go wrong risks undermining sustainable housing finance. MICHAEL KLEIN, Consultant, Former Chief Economist International Finance Corporation (IFC).

Housing -- Developing countries -- Finance. --- Housing policy -- Developing countries. --- Housing --- Low-income housing --- Poor --- Business & Economics --- Economic Theory --- Real Estate, Housing & Land Use --- Finance --- Finance. --- Home finance --- Housing finance --- Macroeconomics. --- Development economics. --- Economics. --- Development Economics. --- Finance, general. --- Macroeconomics/Monetary Economics//Financial Economics. --- Economics --- Funding --- Funds --- Currency question --- Economic development

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La crise du logement que connaît la France dès les années 1930, et plus encore au lendemain de la guerre, constitue véritablement le « problème social numéro un » des Trente Glorieuses. D’une ampleur exceptionnelle, comme le rappellent les événements dramatiques de l’hiver 1954, elle conduit l’État à intervenir pour encourager la construction immobilière. C’est cette intervention, sous la forme d’une aide financière publique à la construction privée, qui aboutit à « l’invention » du logement aidé. À quelles préoccupations sociales, mais aussi politiques et économiques, cette invention répond-elle ? Pourquoi les pouvoirs publics ont-ils choisi de créer le logement aidé plutôt que de relancer le logement social (HLM) ? Quelles contraintes pèsent alors sur le marché immobilier ? Comment et dans quelle mesure le logement aidé permet-il aux Français de retrouver le « goût de la pierre » et d’obtenir un toit ? « En procédant à une reconstitution impeccable de l’histoire du secteur aidé, le beau livre de Sabine Effosse parvient donc à suivre et à éclairer toute la politique du logement en France de la fin de la IIe République jusqu’à la fin de la république gaullienne et ajoute ainsi à l’histoire économique et sociale de cette période une dimension précieuse qui jusqu’ici était par trop demeurée dans l’ombre. » Alain Plessis. The housing crisis that France experienced starting in the 1930s, and particularly in the immediate postwar period, was truly "social problem number one" during the Trente Glorieuses. Its exceptional scope – as the dramatic events of the winter of 1954 showed – led the French government to step in to encourage construction. It was this intervention, in the form of public financial support for private construction, which led to the "invention" of subsidies for construction. What were the social, political and economic concerns to which this invention was a response? Why did the public authorities decide to subsidise housing construction rather than…

History of France --- Sociology of environment --- anno 1940-1949 --- anno 1960-1969 --- anno 1950-1959 --- anno 1970-1979 --- Housing policy --- Public housing --- Logement --- Logement social --- History --- Politique gouvernementale --- Histoire --- Business & Economics --- Real Estate, Housing & Land Use --- Housing --- Housing subsidies --- Finance --- Government policy --- History. --- Housing - Finance - Government policy - France - History - 20th century. --- Housing subsidies - France - History - 20th century --- Banque de France --- HLM (habitation à loyer modéré) --- Trente glorieuses --- politique du logement --- logement aidé --- immobilier --- Crédit foncier de France

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The housing market, like every market, is the product of thousands of interacting buyers and sellers driven by different interests. But unlike other markets, the housing market is able to profoundly transform the socioeconomic structure and the image of a city. Very often, changes in urban space are the result of the imperceptible operation of a multitude of micro-transformations which act with such great energy and decisiveness that they can transform the ‘DNA’ of entire urban neighborhoods. These qualitative novelties, unpredictable and non-deducible on the basis of the previous properties, are defined emergences. Namely emergence means a ‘pattern formation’ characterized by a self-organizing process driven by non-linear dynamics. This book explores housing market emergence in light of three different phenomena: search for housing, social polarization, and gentrification. The book is divided into two parts. The first part presents contributions on modelling emergence of different phenomena, formalised in multi-agent systems. The second part gathers empirical research and analyses aimed at supporting the findings of the models.

Housing finance. --- Housing --- Housing policy --- Business & Economics --- Sociology & Social History --- Management --- Social Sciences --- Communities - Urban Groups --- Real Estate, Housing & Land Use --- Management Theory --- Mathematical models --- Prices --- Housing policy. --- Mathematical models. --- Regional planning. --- Urban planning. --- Regional economics. --- Spatial economics. --- Social structure. --- Social inequality. --- Economics. --- Regional/Spatial Science. --- Landscape/Regional and Urban Planning. --- Social Structure, Social Inequality. --- Housing and state --- State and housing --- City planning --- Social policy --- Affordable housing --- Homes --- Houses --- Housing needs --- Residences --- Slum clearance --- Urban housing --- Dwellings --- Human settlements --- Government policy --- Social aspects --- Regional development --- Regional planning --- State planning --- Land use --- Planning --- Landscape protection --- Economics --- Regionalism --- Space in economics --- Egalitarianism --- Inequality --- Social equality --- Social inequality --- Political science --- Sociology --- Democracy --- Liberty --- Organization, Social --- Social organization --- Anthropology --- Social institutions --- Cities and towns --- Civic planning --- Land use, Urban --- Model cities --- Redevelopment, Urban --- Town planning --- Urban design --- Urban development --- Urban planning --- Art, Municipal --- Civic improvement --- Urban policy --- Urban renewal --- Spatial economics --- Regional economics --- Equality.

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The financial collapse of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac in 2008 led to one of the most sweeping government interventions in private financial markets in history. The bailout has already cost American taxpayers close to $150 billion, and substantially more will be needed. The U.S. economy--and by extension, the global financial system--has a lot riding on Fannie and Freddie. They cannot fail, yet that is precisely what these mortgage giants are guaranteed to do. How can we limit the damage to our economy, and avoid making the same mistakes in the future? Guaranteed to Fail explains how poorly designed government guarantees for Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac led to the debacle of mortgage finance in the United States, weighs different reform proposals, and provides sensible, practical recommendations. Despite repeated calls for tougher action, Washington has expanded the scope of its guarantees to Fannie and Freddie, fueling more and more housing and mortgages all across the economy--and putting all of us at risk. This book unravels the dizzyingly immense, highly interconnected businesses of Fannie and Freddie. It proposes a unique model of reform that emphasizes public-private partnership, one that can serve as a blueprint for better organizing and managing government-sponsored enterprises like Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. In doing so, Guaranteed to Fail strikes a cautionary note about excessive government intervention in markets.

Business failures --- Financial crises --- Housing --- Mortgage loans --- History --- Finance. --- Government policy --- Freddie Mac (Firm). --- Federal National Mortgage Association. --- 333.109 --- 333.139.2 --- 333.17 --- 333.663 --- 333.733 --- 333.78 --- US / United States of America - USA - Verenigde Staten - Etats Unis --- Crashes, Financial --- Crises, Financial --- Financial crashes --- Financial panics --- Panics (Finance) --- Stock exchange crashes --- Stock market panics --- Crises --- Business mortality --- Failure in business --- Mortality, Business --- Success in business --- Finance --- Veiligheid. Bankovervallen. Bankrisico's --- Bankcontrole en -reglementering. Reglementering van het bankberoep --- Crises, saneringen en hervormingen van het bankwezen --- rating van bedrijven --- Krediet op grond en onroerende goederen --- Kredietcontrole. Credit crunch --- Freddie Mac (Firm) --- FNMA --- United States. --- F.N.M.A. --- FannieMae --- Fannie Mae --- Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation --- Affordable housing. --- Agency debt. --- Alt-A. --- Asset management. --- Asset. --- Balance sheet. --- Bank of America. --- Bank run. --- Bank. --- Bear Stearns. --- Ben Bernanke. --- Capital market. --- Capital requirement. --- Cash. --- Central bank. --- Citigroup. --- Commercial bank. --- Conservatorship. --- Countrywide. --- Credit (finance). --- Credit risk. --- Credit score in the United States. --- Credit score. --- Creditor. --- Debt. --- Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act. --- Down payment. --- Economics. --- Economist. --- Economy. --- Equity (finance). --- Fannie Mae. --- Federal Housing Administration. --- Federal Housing Finance Agency. --- Financial crisis. --- Financial institution. --- Financial services. --- Fixed-rate mortgage. --- Foreclosure. --- Freddie Mac. --- Funding. --- Government National Mortgage Association. --- Government debt. --- Guarantee. --- Hedge fund. --- Heitor Almeida. --- Henry Paulson. --- Home equity. --- Household. --- Income. --- Insolvency. --- Insurance. --- Interest rate risk. --- Interest rate. --- Investment. --- Investor. --- JPMorgan Chase. --- Lehman Brothers. --- Lender of last resort. --- Leverage (finance). --- Line of credit. --- Macroeconomics. --- Market discipline. --- Market liquidity. --- Monetary policy. --- Moral hazard. --- Mortgage Rate. --- Mortgage bank. --- Mortgage loan. --- Payment. --- Pension fund. --- Percentage. --- Private mortgage. --- Private sector. --- Privatization. --- Quantitative easing. --- Race to the bottom. --- Real estate appraisal. --- Real estate economics. --- Receivership. --- Recession. --- Refinancing. --- Repurchase agreement. --- Resolution Trust Corporation. --- Return on equity. --- Saving. --- Savings and loan association. --- Secondary mortgage market. --- Securitization. --- Security (finance). --- Subprime. --- Subsidy. --- Systemic risk. --- Too big to fail. --- Underwriting Standards. --- Underwriting. --- Value (economics). --- Washington Mutual. --- Working paper.