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We tend to think that the Buddha has always been seen as the compassionate sage admired around the world today, but until the nineteenth century, Europeans often regarded him as a nefarious figure, an idol worshipped by the pagans of the Orient. Donald S. Lopez Jr. offers here a rich sourcebook of European fantasies about the Buddha drawn from the works of dozens of authors over fifteen hundred years, including Clement of Alexandria, Marco Polo, St. Francis Xavier, Voltaire, and Sir William Jones. Featuring writings by soldiers, adventurers, merchants, missionaries, theologians, and colonial officers, this volume contains a wide range of portraits of the Buddha. The descriptions are rarely flattering, as all manner of reports-some accurate, some inaccurate, and some garbled-came to circulate among European savants and eccentrics, many of whom were famous in their day but are long forgotten in ours. Taken together, these accounts present a fascinating picture, not only of the Buddha as he was understood and misunderstood for centuries, but also of his portrayers.

Buddhism --- Study and teaching --- History. --- Gautama Buddha --- Christian interpretations. --- Cult --- buddha, idol, orientalism, exoticism, wisdom, pagan, sir william jones, voltaire, saint francis xavier, marco polo, clement of alexandria, cult, missionaries, colonialism, explorers, theology, louis le comte, euthymius mount athos, king hetum i, odoric pordenone, nonfiction, travel, religion, spirituality, buddhism, alexander hamilton, erskine, karl friedrich neumann, charles coleman, george stanley faber, abbe de choisy, denis diderot.

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Saints and Signs analyzes a corpus of hagiographies, paintings, and other materials related to four of the most prominent saints of early modern Catholicism: Ignatius of Loyola, Philip Neri, Francis Xavier, and Therese of Avila.Verbal and visual documents - produced between the end of the Council of Trent (1563) and the beginning of the pontificate of Urban VIII (1623) - are placed in their historical context and analyzed through semiotics - the discipline that studies signification and communication - in order to answer the following questions: How did these four saints become signs of the renewal of Catholic spirituality after the Reformation? How did their verbal and visual representations promote new Catholic models of religious conversion? How did this huge effort of spiritual propaganda change the modern idea of communication?The book is divided into four sections, focusing on the four saints and on the particular topics related to their hagiologic identity: early modern theological debates on grace (Ignatius of Loyola); cultural contaminations between Catholic internal and external missions (Philip Neri); the Christian identity in relation to non-Christian territories (Francis Xavier); the status of women in early modern Catholicism (Therese of Avila).

Christian saints --- Idols and images --- Hagiography --- Christian art and symbolism --- Catholic Church --- Doctrines --- History --- 235.3 "15" --- 235.3 "16" --- Christian saints. --- Idols and images. --- Hagiography. --- Christian art and symbolism. --- Art, Christian --- Art, Ecclesiastical --- Arts in the church --- Christian symbolism --- Ecclesiastical art --- Religious art, Christian --- Sacred art --- Symbolism and Christian art --- Art --- Symbolism --- Christian antiquities --- Church decoration and ornament --- Hagiology --- Saints --- Iconography --- Images and idols --- Religious images --- Statuettes --- Animism --- Art, Primitive --- Art and religion --- Fetishism --- Magic --- Religion --- Sculpture, Primitive --- Gods in art --- Canonization --- Hagiografie--16e eeuw. Periode 1500-1599 --- Hagiografie--17e eeuw. Periode 1600-1699 --- -Catholic Church --- -Church of Rome --- Roman Catholic Church --- Katholische Kirche --- Katolyt︠s︡ʹka t︠s︡erkva --- Römisch-Katholische Kirche --- Römische Kirche --- Ecclesia Catholica --- Eglise catholique --- Eglise catholique-romaine --- Katolicheskai︠a︡ t︠s︡erkovʹ --- Chiesa cattolica --- Iglesia Católica --- Kościół Katolicki --- Katolicki Kościół --- Kościół Rzymskokatolicki --- Nihon Katorikku Kyōkai --- Katholikē Ekklēsia --- Gereja Katolik --- Kenesiyah ha-Ḳatolit --- Kanisa Katoliki --- כנסיה הקתולית --- כנסייה הקתולית --- 가톨릭교 --- 천주교 --- Doctrines. --- History. --- -Doctrines. --- Saints chrétiens --- Idoles et images --- Hagiographie --- Art et symbolisme chrétiens --- Ignatius, --- Teresa de Jesús --- Francis Xavier, --- Neri, Filippo, --- Catholic Church -- Doctrines. --- Catholic Church -- History. --- Religious art --- Symbolism in art --- Church of Rome --- Iconography, Religious --- Religious iconography --- Religious statuettes --- Statuettes, Religious --- Early Modern Catholicism. --- Iconography. --- Religious Conversion. --- Saints. --- Semiotics.