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Cet ouvrage collectif se propose d'interroger le processus de nationalisation des sociétés européennes dans le contexte de la guerre : est-ce le succès de cette nationalisation qui explique le succès de la mobilisation en 1914 ? Est-ce que la maximisation tant de fois décrites de l'État au cours de la guerre accélère cette nationalisation ? De fait, cette réflexion s'inscrit dans une socio-histoire de l'État qui, à la suite de Gérard Noiriel, s'intéresse davantage aux processus et aux acteurs qu'aux structures et aux règlements. C'est pourquoi, l'ouvrage se déploie en deux temps qui correspondent à deux cercles concentriques au sein desquels gravitent des acteurs différenciés. Le regard est d'abord porté au plus près du noyau dur de l'action étatique en interrogeant, d'une part, les modes de participation au conflit et d'autre part, le travail d'administration des populations civiles et militaires.

First World War

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The dramatic involvement of the Tsarist Empire in the First World War marks a turning point in the history of Russia and its surrounding areas. The dynamics triggered by the challenge of total mobilization gave rise to political, social, economic and cultural transformations destined to have a profound and prolonged impact on Europe and the whole world during the 20-th century. The studies and the researches collected in this volume explore key themes of the crisis that hit the imperial space: the patriotic culture and the representation of the enemy in war propaganda; the interweaving of war effort and national issues in the imperial peripheries; the intensified competition between the multiethnic empires in the context of total war; the breakthrough achieved by nationalisms during the 1917 revolutions. Special attention is also devoted to the analysis of the international historiographical trends that have emerged in the last quarter of a century and which have redefined the interpretation of the period 1914-1921 / 22.

Tsarist Empire --- History of Russia --- 1917 Revolution --- First World War

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Il volume contiene le lettere scritte da Scipio Slataper (1888–1915) alle «tre amiche» triestine, Anna Pulitzer, Elody Oblath e Gigetta (Luisa) Carniel, tra l’estate del 1909 e il 3 dicembre 1915, quando egli cadde in combattimento sul Podgora, in vista del tanto amato Carso triestino. In queste lettere, che fungono anche da pagine di diario poiché in Scipio sovente la lettera è un "di sé a sé stesso", si rispecchia un’incandescente vicenda esistenziale ed intellettuale: di amicizia, di amore, di dolore, di ricerca del senso della vita, di impegno culturale e civile, di creazione artistica; mentre le ultime, a Gigetta, testimoniano i pochi mesi di vita al fronte. La cognizione del dolore, e quindi della vita, che gli venne dalla tragica morte di Anna, con cui visse una brevissima storia d’amore, fece riconoscere a Scipio il senso e il valore, e quindi il compito, da dare alla propria esistenza: amare gli uomini e operare per il loro bene. Una nozione più ampia e inclusiva dell’amore, che trascende quello a due, dall’estate del 1911, ricambiato, per Gigetta, ch’egli sposò nel settembre del 1913, mentre a Elody continuò a legarlo un’amicizia vera e profonda, «provata su tutti i frangenti». This volume presents the letters (approximately 600) that Scipio Slataper wrote between late 1909 and December 1915 to his “three friends” from Trieste, Anna Pulitzer, Gigetta (Luisa) Carniel, and Elody Oblath. These letters bring to light complex existential and intellectual storylines: of friendship, love, and pain, of the search of the purpose of life, cultural commitment, and artistic creation.

LITERARY CRITICISM / European / Italian. --- Cultural History/First World War. --- Letters. --- Scipio Slataper. --- Triest.

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Drawing on a broad range of personal accounts, this is the first detailed study of siblinghood in wartime. The relative youth of the fighting men of the Great War intensified the emotional salience of sibling relationships. Long separations, trauma and bereavement tested sibling ties forged through shared childhoods, family practices, commitments and interests. We must not equate the absence of a verbal language of love with an absence of profound feelings. Quieter familial values of kindness, tolerance and unity, instilled by parents and reinforced by moral instruction, strengthened bonds between brothers and sisters. Examining the nexus of cultural and familial emotional norms, this study reveals the complex acts of mediation undertaken by siblings striving to reconcile conflicting obligations to society, the army and loved ones in families at home. Brothers enlisted and served together. Siblings witnessed departures and homecomings, shared family responsibilities, confided their anxieties and provided mutual support from a distance via letters and parcels. The strength soldier-brothers drew from each other came at an emotional cost to themselves and their comrades. The seismic casualties of the First World War proved a watershed moment in the culture of mourning and bereavement. Grief narratives reveal distinct patterns of mourning following the death of a loved sibling, suggesting a greater complexity to male grief than is often acknowledged. Surviving siblings acted as memory keepers, circumventing the anonymisation of the dead in public commemorations by restoring the particular war stories of their brothers.

Fiction / Historical / World War I --- First World War. --- brothers and sisters. --- emotions. --- family relationships. --- grief. --- masculinities. --- memory. --- siblings. --- soldiers. --- youth.

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Walter Nicolai war Chef des deutschen militärischen Nachrichtendienstes im Ersten Weltkrieg. Bis heute ist er allenfalls Fachleuten bekannt. Sein Aufgabenfeld wuchs mit der Totalisierung des Krieges stetig an. Nicht nur in der Spionage und ihrer Abwehr spielte Nicolai eine zentrale Rolle, sondern bald auch in der Propaganda des Kaiserreichs. 1918 galt er als "Graue Eminenz" in der Obersten Heeresleitung von Hindenburg und Ludendorff. Doch wer war der Mann, der Mata Hari führte? Nicolais persönliche Aufzeichnungen lagen seit 1945 im Moskauer "Sonderarchiv" verborgen. Die wissenschaftliche Edition dieser Dokumente lässt nun wichtige Themen der Weltkriegsforschung, wie den Geheimdienst, die Pressepolitik und die Persönlichkeiten im Großen Hauptquartier, in neuem Licht erscheinen.

Mata Hari. --- Oberste Heeresleitung im Ersten Weltkrieg. --- Spionage. --- Supreme Army Command in the First World War. --- espionage. --- Nicolai, W.