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Essential hypertension is a quantitative characteristic that is important for correlating with the rate of morbidity and mortality in the developed and developing countries. The etiology of essential hypertension is complex. This work, authored by renowned researchers in the field, gives updated concepts about essential hypertension. Novel advanced topics are presented in a sole document as hypertension in children; the contribution in the psychiatric comorbidities associated with it; mechanisms of omega-3 in protection against hypertension-related organ damage; oxidative stress at different levels; genetics-associated studies; the role of pollution in essential hypertension; personalized healthcare in a hypertensive patient; and hypertension-related disparities between ethnic groups. It can conclude so that essential hypertension is one of the hottest topics in contemporary medicine.

Essential hypertension. --- Hyperpiesia --- Idiopathic hypertension --- Primary hypertension --- Hypertension --- Physiology

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Essential hypertension. --- Hypertension. --- Blood pressure, High --- High blood pressure --- Vascular hypertension --- Blood circulation disorders --- Hyperpiesia --- Idiopathic hypertension --- Primary hypertension --- Hypertension --- etiology.

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Climate change poses a serious challenge to our health and wellbeing. The increasing frequency of extreme weather events such as floods, droughts, and heatwaves, and the direct impacts of changes in temperature have direct impacts on health. At the same time, broader environmental change affects infectious disease risk, air pollution, and other forms of exposure. The different ways in which climate change will affect health are complex, interactive, and different communities are disproportionately affected. International actions such as the Paris Agreement and the Sustainable Development Goals recognise the future risks to society and acknowledge that we are already committed to a certain level of climate change. Future adaptation measures therefore need careful assessment and implementation for us to be able to minimise the potential risks from climate change and, at the same time, maximise the potential health benefits of a cleaner, greener world. This Special Issue comprises original research articles and detailed reviews on the likely impacts of climate change on health in a range of geographical settings, and the potential for adaptation measures to reduce some of these risks. Ultimately, studies like these will motivate policy level action for mitigation and help in determining the most effective methods of adaptation to reduce negative impacts in future through embedding scientific evidence into practice.

heat-waves --- heat-related mortality --- 2003 --- 2015 --- climate change --- Germany --- air temperature --- hot days --- heat waves --- city --- urban area types --- Poznań --- Poland --- ambulance 999 calls --- extreme weather --- resource planning --- London --- UK --- heat --- mortality --- adaptation --- dwellings --- indoor temperature --- cold days --- cold waves --- health systems --- climate adaptation --- health infrastructure --- rescue services --- Northern Europe --- disaster risk reduction --- Sendai Framework --- demographic change --- infectious diseases --- vector-borne diseases --- aerosolized exposures --- pollen --- well-being --- public health --- land management --- patient and public involvement (PPI) --- land-use --- El Niño Southern Oscillation --- ENSO --- health --- climatic variability --- climate-sensitive disease --- workplace --- heat stress --- productivity loss --- beta distribution --- North Atlantic Oscillation --- weather --- emergency ambulance calls --- exacerbation of essential hypertension --- urban heat island --- urban planning --- heat resilience --- climate scenarios --- waterborne disease --- natural environment --- risks --- cryptosporidiosis --- cholera --- leptospirosis --- Legionnaires’ disease --- trends over time --- n/a --- Poznań --- El Niño Southern Oscillation --- Legionnaires' disease

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Dear colleagues, This Special Issue, “Endothelial Dysfunction: From Pathophysiology to Novel Therapeutic Approaches”, focuses on the pathophysiology of endothelial dysfunction, new biomarkers for endothelial dysfunction related to cardiovascular disorders or tumors, and novel therapeutic approaches for endothelial dysfunctions. Vascular endothelium is an active tissue and plays a crucial role in the maintenance of vascular homeostasis. Chronic exposure to risk factors, such as hypertension, high cholesterolemia, or oxidative stress, induces endothelial dysfunctions and results in a loss of endothelial integrity, smooth muscle cell proliferation, and macrophage recruitment. The pathophysiology of endothelial dysfunction (ED) is complex and multi-factorial factors are involved, such as oxidative stress or chronic inflammation. The primary prevention of cardiovascular risk factors and endothelial dysfunctions, as well as the early detection of or molecular imaging techniques for endothelial dysfunction, helps to prevent the development of cardiovascular disorders. Novel therapeutic approaches or drug delivery systems for endothelial dysfunctions have had promising beneficial effects in preclinical or clinical levels by affecting the progression of atherosclerotic changes, tumor angiogenesis, and host–immune reactions near tumor environments.

endothelial cells --- oxidative stress --- inflammageing --- endothelial dysfunction --- aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 --- cardiovascular disease --- neurovascular disease --- vascular inflammation --- APE1/Ref-1 --- cardiovascular diseases --- subcellular localization --- serological biomarkers --- atherosclerosis --- aerobic exercise --- PCSK9 --- LOX-1 --- insulin resistance --- macrophage polarity --- serum γ-glutamyltransferase --- essential hypertension --- cardiovascular risk factors --- angiogenesis --- nargenicin A1 --- compound 9 --- VEGF --- VEGFR2 --- HIF-1α --- electronegative low-density lipoprotein --- LDL(–) --- L5 LDL --- oxidized LDL --- oxLDL --- ADMA --- arginine --- arginine paradox --- BH4 --- blood pressure --- COVID-19 --- dietary supplements --- endothelium --- eNOS uncoupling --- heart failure --- hypertension --- L-arginine --- myocardial infarction --- NADPH --- nitric oxide --- peripheral artery disease --- ApoE knockout mouse --- atorvastatin --- VCAM-1 --- galectin-3 --- neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio --- electronegative LDL --- LDL(−) --- lectin-like oxLDL receptor-1 --- dyslipidemia --- chronic venous insufficiency --- prolyl oligopeptidase (POP) --- inflammation --- endothelial disfunction --- lung disease --- endothelial to mesenchymal transition --- pulmonary hypertension --- pulmonary fibrosis --- metformin --- diabetes --- CV risk --- hyperglycemia --- glycated lipoproteins --- glycated LDL --- glycated HDL --- endothelial cell dysfunction --- molecular mechanisms --- epigenetic factors --- therapeutic approaches --- vasoactive factors --- EndoMT --- TGF-β --- epigenetics --- endothelial cell --- glycolysis --- metabolism --- pathological angiogenesis --- tumor microenvironment --- MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) --- high-fat diets --- plaque burden --- low-level laser therapy --- phototherapy --- vascular disease --- healing --- ischemia --- vascular calcification --- chronic kidney disease --- CKD --- uremic toxins --- hyperphosphatemia --- vascular smooth muscle cells --- VSMCs --- macrophages --- n/a --- LDL(-)