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The book describes the hydraulic design and environmental impact prediction technologies for such installations. Focus are the hydrodynamics approached by computer models. First, a multiport diffuser design program was developed. Second, two model systems for discharge analysis, CORMIX for the near-field and intermediate-field and Delft3D for the far-field were coupled, and third a regulatory procedure is proposed to license and monitor outfall installations.

delft3d --- coupling --- cormix --- environmental fluid mechanics --- bacteria concentration --- plume --- et

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This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact

calcium handling --- ryanodine --- heart disease --- ion channels --- EC coupling

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Even as simple a task as quenching thirst with a glass of water involves a sequence of perceptions and actions woven together by expectations and experience. What are the myriad links between perception and action, and what does cognition have to do with them? Intuitively we think that perception precedes action, but we also know that action moulds perception. The reciprocal links between perception and action are now accepted almost universally. The discovery of mirror neurons that encode observed actions has further emphasized the coupling of perception and action. The real aim of this research topic is to go beyond identifying the evidence for perception-action coupling, and study the cognitive entities and processes that influence the perception-action link. For example, the internal representations of perceived and produced events are created and modified through experience. Yet the perception action link is considered relatively automatic. To what extent is the perception-action link affected by representations and their manipulations by cognitive processes? Does selective attention modify the perception action coupling? How, and to what extent, does the context provide sources of cognitive control? The developmental trajectory of the perception-action link and the influence of cognition at various stages of development could be another line of important evidence. The responses to these and other such questions contribute to our understanding of this research area with significant implications for perception-action coupling.

Mirror mechanisms --- Perception --- action --- Embodied Cognition --- Cognition --- Perception-Action Coupling --- theory of event coding

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Transition metal-catalyzed reactions play a key role in many transformations of synthetic organic chemistry. For most of these reactions, noble metals, for example, palladium, have been used as catalysts. Over the last two decades, more and more first row transition metals have been applied as catalysts for organic reactions, with iron taking the center stage. The driving forces behind this development are not only the high costs for the noble metals but also their toxicity. Iron is the most abundant transition metal in the Earth’s crust, and thus, it is considerably cheaper than the precious noble metals. Moreover, iron compounds are involved in many biological processes, and thus, iron exhibits a low toxicity. Because of this low toxicity, iron-catalyzed reactions are important for an environmentally benign sustainable chemistry. However, iron catalysts are not only investigated to replace noble metals; they offer many applications in synthesis beyond those of classical noble metal catalysts. Several articles of the present book emphasize the complementarity of iron-catalyzed reactions as compared to reactions catalyzed by noble metals. The book shows intriguing recent developments and the current standing of iron-catalyzed reactions as well as applications to organic synthesis.

iron --- cross-coupling --- aryl esters --- C–O activation --- Fe-catalysis --- Kumada cross-coupling --- iron complexes --- hydrogen transfer --- reductive amination --- alcohols --- amines --- decarbonylation --- alkylation --- spirocyclization --- aldehyde --- cinnamamide --- iron catalysis --- bis-(aryl)manganese --- alkenyl halides --- ate iron(II) complex --- asymmetric catalysis --- nitrogen ligand --- oxidative coupling --- BINOL synthesis --- carbene --- diazoalkane --- C-H functionalization --- catalysis --- borylation --- Iron --- C-H functionalisation --- pinacolborane --- photochemistry --- amidation --- iron(III) chloride --- amides --- esters --- solvent-free --- iron-catalysis --- carboazidation --- β-methyl scission --- radical --- DFT --- organic synthesis --- C-H activation --- C-C coupling --- α-alkenylation --- dehydrogenative coupling --- sustainability --- naphthidines --- fluorescence --- iron catalyst --- ATRP --- controlled radical polymerization --- external stimuli --- asymmetric transfer hydrogenation --- density functional theory --- bifunctional catalyst --- haloalkane coupling --- Grignard reagent --- FeI/FeII/FeIII mechanism

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A large literature exists on trabecular and cortical bone morphology. The engineering performance of bone, implied from its 3d architecture, is often the endpoint of bone biology experiments, being clinically relevant to bone fracture. How and why does bone travel along its complex spatio-temporal trajectory to acquire its architecture? The question "why" can have two meanings. The first, "teleological - why is an architecture advantageous?" – is the domain of substantial biomechanical research to date. The second, "etiological – how did an architecture come about?" – has received far less attention. This Frontiers Bone Research Topic invited contributions addressing this "etiological why" – what mechanisms can coordinate the activity of bone forming and resorbing cells to produce the observed complex and efficient bone architectures? One mechanism is proposed – chaotic nonlinear pattern formation (NPF) which underlies – in a unifying way – natural structures as disparate as trabecular bone, swarms of birds flying or shoaling fish, island formation, fluid turbulence and others. At the heart of NPF is the fact that simple rules operating between interacting elements multiplied and repeated many times, lead to complex and structured patterns. This paradigm of growth and form leads to a profound link between bone regulation and its architecture: in bone "the architecture is the regulation". The former is the emergent consequence of the latter. Whatever mechanism does determine bone's developing architecture has to operate at the level of individual sites of formation and resorption and coupling between the two. This has implications as to how we understand the effect on bone of agents such as gene products or drugs. It may be for instance that the "tuning" of coupling between formation and resorption might be as important as the achievement of enhanced bone volume. The ten articles that were contributed to this Topic were just what we hoped for – a snapshot of leading edge bone biology research which addresses the question of how bone gets its shape. We hope that you find these papers thought-provoking, and that they might stimulate new ideas in the research into bone architecture, growth and adaptation, and how to preserve healthy bone from gestation and childhood until old age.

Bone architecture --- coupling --- Bone biomaterials --- remodelling --- Trabecular bone --- morphometry --- Mechanotransduction --- Growth and Development --- Nonlinear pattern formation --- Cortical bone