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From the dawn of writing in Sumer to the sunset of the Islamic empire, Founding Gods, Inventing Nations traces four thousand years of speculation on the origins of civilization. Investigating a vast range of primary sources, some of which are translated here for the first time, and focusing on the dynamic influence of the Greek, Roman, and Arab conquests of the Near East, William McCants looks at the ways the conquerors and those they conquered reshaped their myths of civilization's origins in response to the social and political consequences of empire. The Greek and Roman conquests brought with them a learned culture that competed with that of native elites. The conquering Arabs, in contrast, had no learned culture, which led to three hundred years of Muslim competition over the cultural orientation of Islam, a contest reflected in the culture myths of that time. What we know today as Islamic culture is the product of this contest, whose protagonists drew heavily on the lore of non-Arab and pagan antiquity. McCants argues that authors in all three periods did not write about civilization's origins solely out of pure antiquarian interest--they also sought to address the social and political tensions of the day. The strategies they employed and the postcolonial dilemmas they confronted provide invaluable context for understanding how authors today use myth and history to locate themselves in the confusing aftermath of empire.

Mythology, Middle Eastern --- Greeks --- Romans --- Arabs --- Acculturation --- History --- Middle East --- Civilization --- Historiography --- Philosophy --- Intellectual life --- Colonization --- Greeks - Middle East - History --- Romans - Middle East - History --- Arabs - Middle East - History --- Acculturation - Middle East - History --- Middle East - Civilization - Historiography --- Middle East - Civilization - Philosophy --- Civilization - Philosophy --- Middle East - Intellectual life --- Middle East - Colonization --- Mythology, Middle Eastern. --- History. --- Philosophy. --- Historiography. --- Intellectual life. --- Colonization. --- Arab conquests. --- Arabs. --- Greek conquests. --- Greek ethnography. --- Greek philosophy. --- Greeks. --- Ibn Qutayba. --- Islam. --- Islamic culture. --- Islamic thinking. --- Jews. --- Muhammad. --- Near East. --- Pliny. --- Qur'an. --- Roman conquests. --- Romans. --- ancient Greece. --- ancient culture. --- ancient mythology. --- ancient texts. --- civilization. --- conquerors. --- conquest. --- conquests. --- culture myths. --- ethnic belonging. --- ironsmithing. --- learned culture. --- medicine. --- native history. --- origin. --- origins. --- philosophy. --- postconquest period. --- pre-Islamic culture. --- protography. --- science.

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In the aftermath of Alexander the Great's conquests in the late fourth century B.C., Greek garrisons and settlements were established across Central Asia, through Bactria (modern-day Afghanistan) and into India. Over the next three hundred years, these settlements evolved into multiethnic, multilingual communities as much Greek as they were indigenous. To explore the lives and identities of the inhabitants of the Graeco-Bactrian and Indo-Greek kingdoms, Rachel Mairs marshals a variety of evidence, from archaeology, to coins, to documentary and historical texts. Looking particularly at the great city of Ai Khanoum, the only extensively excavated Hellenistic period urban site in Central Asia, Mairs explores how these ancient people lived, communicated, and understood themselves. Significant and original, The Hellenistic Far East will highlight Bactrian studies as an important part of our understanding of the ancient world.

Antiquities. --- Archäologie. --- Cities and towns, Ancient --- Cities and towns, Ancient. --- Excavations (Archaeology) --- Excavations (Archaeology). --- Greeks --- Greeks. --- Group identity --- Group identity. --- Social archaeology --- Social archaeology. --- History. --- Afghanistan --- Asia --- Asia, Central --- Asia, Central. --- Ay Khānom (Afghanistan) --- Bactria --- Ferner Osten. --- Hellenobaktrisches Reich. --- Indogriechisches Reich. --- HISTORY / Ancient / General. --- Garrisons --- Ethnology --- Mediterranean race --- Geography, Ancient --- Collective identity --- Community identity --- Cultural identity --- Social identity --- Identity (Psychology) --- Social psychology --- Collective memory --- Archaeology --- History --- Methodology --- Ay Khānom (Afghanistan) --- Aï Khanoum (Afghanistan) --- Ai Khanum (Afghanistan) --- Ay Khanum (Afghanistan) --- Baktrii︠a︡-Tokharistan --- Bactriane-Tokharistan --- Bactriana --- Zariaspa --- Battriana --- Central Asia --- Soviet Central Asia --- Tūrān --- Turkestan --- West Turkestan --- Languages --- ai khanoum. --- alexander the great. --- alexandria on the oxus. --- ancient history. --- ancient people. --- ancient world. --- antiquity. --- archaeology. --- bactria. --- central asia. --- coins. --- conquests of alexander the great. --- eucratidia. --- extensively excavated. --- graeco bactrian kingdoms. --- greece. --- greek empire. --- greek garrison. --- hellenistic period. --- india. --- indigenous peoples. --- indo greek kingdoms. --- late fourth century. --- modern day afghanistan. --- multi ethnic. --- multi lingual. --- urban site.

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To all those who witnessed his extraordinary conquests, from Albania to India, Alexander the Great appeared invincible. How Alexander himself promoted this appearance-how he abetted the belief that he enjoyed divine favor and commanded even the forces of nature against his enemies-is the subject of Frank L. Holt's absorbing book. Solid evidence for the "supernaturalized" Alexander lies in a rare series of medallions that depict the triumphant young king at war against the elephants, archers, and chariots of Rajah Porus of India at the Battle of the Hydaspes River. Recovered from Afghanistan and Iraq in sensational and sometimes perilous circumstances, these ancient artifacts have long animated the modern historical debate about Alexander. Holt's book, the first devoted to the mystery of these ancient medallions, takes us into the history of their discovery and interpretation, into the knowable facts of their manufacture and meaning, and, ultimately, into the king's own psyche and his frightening theology of war. The result is a valuable analysis of Alexander history and myth, a vivid account of numismatics, and a spellbinding look into the age-old mechanics of megalomania.

Coins, Greek. --- Coins, Ancient. --- Elephants in numismatics. --- Ancient coins --- Antieke munten --- Coins [Ancient ] --- Coins [Greek ] --- Elephants in numismatics --- Eléphants dans la numismatique --- Greek coins --- Monnaies -- Antiquité --- Monnaies antiques --- Monnaies de l'Antiquité --- Monnaies grecques --- Munten [Antieke ] --- Munten [Griekse ] --- Munten van de oudheid --- Numismatiek [Olifanten in de ] --- Numismatique [Eléphants dans la ] --- Olifanten in de numismatiek --- Alexander, --- Numismatics. --- Elephant (in numismatics) --- Alejandro, --- Alekjhāṇḍara, --- Aleksandar, --- Aleksander, --- Aleksandr, --- Alekʻsandre, --- Aleksandros bar Filipos, --- Aleksandŭr, Makedonski, --- Alessandro, --- Alexander --- Alexandre, --- Alexandros --- Alexandros, --- Alexandros, Megalos, --- Alexandru, --- Alexantros, --- Iskandar, --- Maḳdonya, Aleksandros bar Filipos, --- Makedonski, Aleksandŭr, --- Megalexandros, --- Megas Alexandros, --- Nagy Sándor, --- Sikandar, --- Iskender, --- Μέγας Ἀλέξανδρος, --- Ἀλέξανδρος, --- Ἀλέξανδρος --- אלכסנדר בן פיליפוס, --- אלכסנדר, --- اسكندر كبير --- اسکندر اعظم --- سکندراعظم --- Numismatics --- Aleksandŭr, --- Александър, --- Македонски, Александър, --- Coins, Ancient --- Coins, Greek --- Alexander the Great --- Alexander, -- the Great, -- 356-323 B.C. -- Numismatics.. --- Coins, Ancient.. --- Coins, Greek.. --- afghanistan. --- alexander the great. --- ancient history. --- ancient medallions. --- battle of the hydaspes river. --- biographical. --- biography. --- conquests. --- discussion books. --- elephant medallions. --- european history. --- hellenistic culture. --- hellenistic period. --- hellenistic society. --- historians. --- historical perspective. --- india. --- iraq. --- megalomania. --- myths and legends. --- nonfiction. --- numismatics. --- popular history. --- rajah porus. --- retrospective. --- supernatural success. --- theology of war. --- war. --- warfare.

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Covering Portugal and Castile in the West to the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem in the East, this collection focuses on Muslim minorities living in Christian lands during the high Middle Ages, and examines to what extent notions of religious tolerance influenced Muslim-Christian relations. The authors call into question the applicability of modern ideas of toleration to medieval social relations, investigating the situation instead from the standpoint of human experience within the two religious cultures. Whereas this study offers no evidence of an evolution of coherent policy concerning treatment of minorities in these Christian domains, it does reveal how religious ideas and communitarian traditions worked together to blunt the harsh realities of the relations between victors and vanquished.The chapters in this volume include "The Mudejars of Castile and Portugal in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries" by Joseph F. O'Callaghan, "Muslims in the Thirteenth-Century Realms of Aragon: Interactions and Reaction" by Robert I. Burns, S.J., "The End of Muslim Sicily" by David S. H. Abulafia, "The Subjected Muslims of the Frankish Levant" by Benjamin Z. Kedar, and "The Papacy and the Muslim Frontier" by James M. Powell.Originally published in 1990.The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

Christianity and other religions --- Islam --- Muslims --- Mohammedans --- Moors (People) --- Moslems --- Muhammadans --- Musalmans --- Mussalmans --- Mussulmans --- Mussulmen --- Religious adherents --- Islam. --- Relations --- Christianity. --- History. --- Latin Orient. --- East, Latin --- Latin East --- Orient, Latin --- Islamic Empire --- Middle East --- Orient --- Latin Empire, 1204-1261 --- History --- 1st century. --- Abbasid Caliphate. --- Al-Andalus. --- Al-Maqrizi. --- Al-Mu'tamid. --- Alfonso VI. --- Alfonso X of Castile. --- Aljama. --- Almohad Caliphate. --- Amalric of Jerusalem. --- Arab culture. --- Arabic name. --- Arabic. --- Arabist. --- Battle of Muret. --- Bernard Crick. --- Caesarea. --- Caliphate of Córdoba. --- Canon law. --- Christian martyrs. --- Christian state. --- Church History (Eusebius). --- Conquest of Majorca. --- Constantine the Great. --- Continental Europe. --- Early Muslim conquests. --- Emirate of Granada. --- Eritrea. --- Fatimid Caliphate. --- Freeman (Colonial). --- Friar. --- Guido delle Colonne. --- Hanbali. --- Hebrew University of Jerusalem. --- Henricus. --- High Middle Ages. --- Hugh of Cluny. --- Iberian Peninsula. --- Ibn Arabi. --- Ibn Hud. --- Ibn Jubayr. --- Ibn Sab'in. --- International Institute of Islamic Thought. --- Islam and the West. --- Islam by country. --- Islam in Spain. --- Islamic culture. --- Islamic revival. --- Islamism. --- Judea (Roman province). --- Kingdom of Seville. --- Knights Hospitaller. --- Late Middle Ages. --- Latifundium. --- Latin Church. --- Latin Rule. --- Latin alphabet. --- Latins (Italic tribe). --- Lucera. --- Maarrat al-Nu'man. --- Modern Standard Arabic. --- Mongols. --- Moors. --- Mozarabs. --- Mudéjar. --- Muslim Brotherhood. --- Muslim world. --- Muslim. --- Muslims (nationality). --- Musulman. --- Names of God in Islam. --- New Latin. --- Oriental Orthodoxy. --- Peter the Venerable. --- Pope Boniface VIII. --- Pope Gelasius I. --- Pope Gregory IX. --- Pope Gregory VII. --- Pope Gregory VIII. --- Pope Paschal II. --- Pope Urban II. --- Pope. --- Primate (bishop). --- Principality of Antioch. --- Quran. --- Reconquista. --- Religion. --- Roman Rite. --- Sasanian Empire. --- Sicilia (Roman province). --- Sufism. --- Sunni Islam. --- Syria Palaestina. --- Templar of Tyre. --- Universal jurisdiction. --- Visigothic Code. --- Western Christianity. --- Westernization.