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Recent advances in microfabrication technologies have enabled the development of entirely new classes of small-scale devices with applications in fields ranging from biomedicine (portable defibrillators, drug delivery systems, etc.), to wireless communication and computing (cell phones, laptop computers, etc.), to reconnaissance (unmanned air vehicles, microsatellites etc.), and to augmentation of human function (exoskeletons etc.). In many cases, however, what these devices can actually accomplish is limited by the low energy density of their energy storage and conversion systems. This breakthrough book brings together in one place the information necessary to develop the high energy density combustion-based power sources that will enable many of these devices to realize their full potentials.

Internal combustion engines --- Combustion --- Microfabrication. --- Manufacturing processes --- Thermochemistry --- Heat --- Smoke --- Combustion. --- Industrial applications. --- microscale combustion --- flameless combustion --- combustion limits --- combustion instability --- excess enthalpy combustion --- small-scale liquid film combustors --- micro-tubes and porous combustors --- Swiss-roll combustors --- catalytic reactors --- micro-heat engines --- micro-reactors --- micro-power generators --- micro-thrusters --- model aircraft engines --- 2-stroke engines --- piston engines --- heterogeneous combustion --- catalytic combustion --- conjugate heat transfer --- scale-effects on combustion --- thermoelectric power generation --- micro gas turbine engine --- micro-rotary engine --- micro-rockets --- microfabrication --- MEMS

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This reprint focuses on experiments, modellings, and simulations of heat transfer and fluid flow. Flowing media comprise single- or two-phase fluids that can be both compressible and incompressible. The reprint presents unique experiments and solutions to problems of scientific and industrial relevance in the transportation of natural resources, technical devices, industrial processes, etc. In the presented works, the formulated physical and mathematical models together with their boundary and initial conditions and numerical computation methods for constitutive equations lead to solutions for selected examples in engineering.

hydraulic transients --- water hammer --- viscoelasticity --- cross-section change --- fluidic oscillator --- bending angle --- frequency --- pressure drop --- peak velocity ratio --- aerodynamic analyses --- unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations --- natural convection --- van der Waals gas --- analytical solution --- heat transfer in non-Newtonian slurry --- damping of turbulence --- Nusselt number for slurry --- heat pipe heat exchanger --- wickless heat pipe --- heat transfer --- individually finned tubes --- heat transfer analysis --- non-contacting mechanical face seal --- variable order derivative integral transform --- ribbed channel --- large eddy simulation --- immersed boundary method --- conjugate heat transfer --- thermal conductivity ratio --- retarded strain --- cavitation --- unsteady friction --- method of characteristics --- vortex generator --- arrangement --- numerical simulation --- plate-fin and tube heat exchanger --- air-side Nusselt number --- different heat transfer coefficient in particular tube row --- mathematical simulation --- CFD simulation --- labyrinth seal --- leakage --- design method --- kinetic energy --- inverse problem --- steam turbines --- gas turbines --- fluid-flow machines --- electric vehicle --- battery thermal management system --- optimization --- lattice Boltzmann method --- hydrostatic transmission --- hydrostatic transmission start up --- hydraulic drive --- n/a

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The Special Issue presents almost 40 papers on recent research in modeling of pyrometallurgical systems, including physical models, first-principles models, detailed CFD and DEM models as well as statistical models or models based on machine learning. The models cover the whole production chain from raw materials processing through the reduction and conversion unit processes to ladle treatment, casting, and rolling. The papers illustrate how models can be used for shedding light on complex and inaccessible processes characterized by high temperatures and hostile environment, in order to improve process performance, product quality, or yield and to reduce the requirements of virgin raw materials and to suppress harmful emissions.

steelmaking --- oxygen consumption --- GPR --- prediction model --- secondary refining --- water model --- mixing time --- slag entrapment --- stainless steel slag --- heating time --- Cr2O3 --- spinel --- crystal size --- processing maps --- nickel-based alloy --- flow behavior --- arrhenius equation --- hearth --- drainage --- PCA --- analysis tool --- pattern --- tapholes --- blast furnace --- coke --- carbon solution loss --- numerical simulation --- pellet pile --- Discrete Element Method --- porosity distribution --- angle of repose --- coordination number --- bubble motion --- interfacial phenomena --- entrainment --- moving path --- arsenopyrite --- arsenic removal --- mechanism --- roasting --- arsenate --- dust ash --- arsenic recovery --- titanium distribution ratio --- thermodynamic model --- ion–molecule coexistence theory --- LF refining slags --- electric arc furnace --- simulation --- process model --- COREX --- raceway zone --- gas flow --- COREX melter gasifier --- mixed charging --- burden layer structure --- burden pile width --- DEM --- burden distribution --- particle flow --- validation --- tire cord steel --- TiN inclusion --- solidification --- segregation models --- hot rolling --- TOU electricity pricing --- hot rolling planning --- genetic algorithm --- C-H2 smelting reduction furnace --- double-row side nozzles --- dimensional analysis --- multiple linear regression --- ironmaking blast furnace --- coke bed --- trickle flow --- molten slag --- liquid iron --- SPH --- charging system --- mathematical model --- radar data --- main trough --- transient fluid of hot metal and molten slag --- wall shear stress --- conjugate heat transfer --- refractory --- shape rolling --- flat rolling --- wire rod --- temperature distribution --- machine learning --- artificial intelligence --- neural network --- BOS reactor --- copper smelting --- SKS --- Shuikoushan process --- oxygen bottom blown --- gated recurrent unit --- support vector data description --- time sequence prediction --- fault detection and identification --- Lignite --- microwave and ultrasound modification --- structural characterization --- 3D molecular model --- structural simulation --- coke combustion rate --- charcoal combustion rate --- iron ore sintering process --- biomass --- quasi-particle --- quasi-particle structure --- monomer blended fuel --- quasi-particle fuel --- apparent activation energy --- coupling effect --- dynamic model --- basic oxygen furnace --- computational fluid dynamics --- CFD–DEM --- coalescence --- settling --- funneling flow --- horizontal single belt casting process (HSBC) --- computational fluid dynamics (CFD) --- double impingement feeding system --- supersonic coherent jet --- decarburization --- steel refining --- EAF --- CFD --- mass transfer coefficient --- physical modeling --- mathematical modeling --- kinetic models --- natural gas --- fuel injection --- combustion --- RAFT --- roll design --- flat-rolled wire --- strain inhomogeneity --- normal pressure --- macroscopic shear bands --- numerical model --- dual gas injection --- slag eye --- electrical energy consumption --- Electric Arc Furnace --- scrap melting --- statistical modeling --- raceway evolution --- raceway size --- flow pattern --- Eulerian multiphase flow --- blast furnace hearth --- dead man --- iron and slag flow --- lining wear --- hearth drainage --- Industry 4.0 --- copper smelter --- nickel-copper smelter --- radiometric sensors --- Peirce-smith converting --- matte-slag chemistry --- discrete event simulation --- adaptive finite differences --- n/a --- ion-molecule coexistence theory --- CFD-DEM