Export citation

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Bookmark

Abstract

The nucleolus is a prominent nuclear domain that is common to eukaryotes. Since the nucleolus was first described in the 1830s, its identity had remained a mystery for longer than 100 years. Major advances in understanding of the nucleolus were achieved through electron microscopic and biochemical studies in the 1960s to 1970s followed by molecular biological studies. These studies finally established the view of the nucleolus that it is a large aggregate of RNA-protein complexes associated with the rRNA gene region of chromosome DNA, serving mainly as a site of ribosome biogenesis, where pre-rRNA transcription, pre-rRNA processing, and ribosome assembly occur. This function of the nucleolus appears to indicate that the nucleolus plays a constitutive and essential role in fundamental cellular activities by producing ribosomes. Recent research has shown, however, that the nucleolus is more dynamic and can have more specific and wider functions. In plants, nucleolar functions have been implicated in developmental regulations and environmental responses by accumulating pieces of evidence obtained mostly from genetic studies of nucleolar factor-related mutants. Comprehensive analysis of nucleolar proteins and molecular cytological characterization of sub-nucleolar and peri-nucelolar bodies have also provided new insights into behaviors and functions of the plant nucleolus.

In this Research Topic, we would like to collect physiological and molecular links between the nucleolus to plant growth and development, shed light on novel aspects of nucleolar functions beyond its classical view, and stimulate research activities focusing on the nucleolus across various fields of plant science, including molecular biology, cell biology, genetics, developmental biology, physiology, and evolutionary biology.

Keywords

environmental response --- development --- plant --- nucleolus --- growth --- ribosome biogenesis

Export citation

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Bookmark

Abstract

The Biogenesis of Cellular Organelles represents a comprehensive summary of recent advances in the study of the biogenesis and functional dynamics of the major organelles operating in the eukaryotic cell. This book begins by placing the study of organelle biogenesis in a historical perspective by describing past scientific strategies, theories, and findings and relating these foundations to current investigations. Reviews of protein and lipid mediators important for organelle biogenesis are then presented, and are followed by summaries focused on the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi, lysosome, nucleus, mitochondria, and peroxisome. .

Keywords

Cell organelles --- Cytoplasm. --- Formation. --- Cells --- Protoplasm --- Assembly of cell organelles --- Biogenesis of cell organelles --- Formation of cell organelles --- Origin of cell organelles --- Assembly --- Biogenesis --- Origin --- Growth --- Immunology. --- Immunobiology --- Life sciences --- Serology

Export citation

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Bookmark

Abstract

One of the distinguishing features of plants is the presence of membrane-bound organelles called plastids. Starting from proplastids (undifferentiated plastids) they readily develop into specialised types, which are involved in a range of cellular functions such as photosynthesis, nitrogen assimilation, biosynthesis of sucrose, starch, chlorophyll, carotenoids, fatty acids, amino acids, and secondary metabolites as well as a number of metabolic reactions. The central role of plastids in many aspects of plant cell biology means an in-depth understanding is key for a holistic view of plant physiology. Despite the vast amount of research, the molecular details of many aspects of plastid biology remains limited. Plastids possess their own high-copy number genome known as the plastome. Manipulation of the plastid genome has been developed as an alternative way to developing transgenic plants for various biotechnological applications. High-copy number of the plastome, site-specific integration of transgenes through homologous recombination, and potential to express proteins at high levels (>70% of total soluble proteins has been reported in some cases) are some of the technologies being developed. Additionally, plastids are inherited maternally, providing a natural gene containment system, and do not follow Mendelian laws of inheritance, allowing each individual member of the progeny of a transplastomic line to uniformly express transgene(s). Both algal and higher plant chloroplast transformation has been demonstrated, and with the ability to be propagated either in bioreactors or in the field, both systems are well suited for scale up of production. The manipulation of chloroplast genes is also essential for many approaches that attempt to increase biomass accumulation or re-routing metabolic pathways for biofortification, food and fuel production. This includes metabolic engineering for lipid production, adapting the light harvesting apparatus to improve solar conversion efficiencies and engineering means of suppressing photorespiration in crop species, which range from the introduction of artificial carbon concentrating mechanisms, or those pre-existing elsewhere in nature, to bypassing ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase entirely. The purpose of this eBook is to provide a compilation of the latest research on various aspects of plastid biology including basic biology, biopharming, metabolic engineering, bio-fortification, stress physiology, and biofuel production.One of the distinguishing features of plants is the presence of membrane-bound organelles called plastids. Starting from proplastids (undifferentiated plastids) they readily develop into specialised types, which are involved in a range of cellular functions such as photosynthesis, nitrogen assimilation, biosynthesis of sucrose, starch, chlorophyll, carotenoids, fatty acids, amino acids, and secondary metabolites as well as a number of metabolic reactions. The central role of plastids in many aspects of plant cell biology means an in-depth understanding is key for a holistic view of plant physiology. Despite the vast amount of research, the molecular details of many aspects of plastid biology remains limited. Plastids possess their own high-copy number genome known as the plastome. Manipulation of the plastid genome has been developed as an alternative way to developing transgenic plants for various biotechnological applications. High-copy number of the plastome, site-specific integration of transgenes through homologous recombination, and potential to express proteins at high levels (>70% of total soluble proteins has been reported in some cases) are some of the technologies being developed. Additionally, plastids are inherited maternally, providing a natural gene containment system, and do not follow Mendelian laws of inheritance, allowing each individual member of the progeny of a transplastomic line to uniformly express transgene(s). Both algal and higher plant chloroplast transformation has been demonstrated, and with the ability to be propagated either in bioreactors or in the field, both systems are well suited for scale up of production. The manipulation of chloroplast genes is also essential for many approaches that attempt to increase biomass accumulation or re-routing metabolic pathways for biofortification, food and fuel production. This includes metabolic engineering for lipid production, adapting the light harvesting apparatus to improve solar conversion efficiencies and engineering means of suppressing photorespiration in crop species, which range from the introduction of artificial carbon concentrating mechanisms, or those pre-existing elsewhere in nature, to bypassing ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase entirely. The purpose of this eBook is to provide a compilation of the latest research on various aspects of plastid biology including basic biology, biopharming, metabolic engineering, bio-fortification, stress physiology, and biofuel production.

Keywords

plastid transformation --- Metabolic Engineering --- plastid division --- Plastid development --- biopharming --- retrograde signalling --- plastid polymerases --- Plastid biogenesis --- Plastids --- Plastid replication

Export citation

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Bookmark

Abstract

Keywords

Life --- Evolution --- Molecular biology --- Biosphere --- Biogenesis --- Molecular Biology --- Origin --- Organelle Biogenesis. --- Origin of Life. --- Biological Evolution. --- Vie --- Évolution --- Biologie moléculaire --- Biosphère --- Biosphere. --- Evolution. --- Molecular biology. --- Origines --- Périodiques. --- Origin. --- Molecular biochemistry --- Molecular biophysics --- Abiogenesis --- Germ theory --- Heterogenesis --- Life (Biology) --- Life, Origin of --- Origin of life --- Plasmogeny --- Plasmogony --- Philosophy --- Biochemistry --- Biophysics --- Biomolecules --- Systems biology --- Evolution (Biology) --- Exobiology --- Spontaneous generation --- Creation --- Emergence (Philosophy) --- Teleology --- Planets --- Gaia hypothesis --- Geobiology --- Genesis of Life --- Life Geneses --- Life Genesis --- Life Origin --- Life Origins --- Organelle Biogenesis --- Mitochondrial Biogenesis --- Biogeneses, Organelle --- Biogenesis, Mitochondrial --- Biogenesis, Organelle --- Organelle Biogeneses --- Evolution, Chemical --- Evolution, Biological --- Sociobiology --- Biological Evolution --- Origin of Life --- Évolution (Biologie) --- evolution. --- Periodicals. --- Animal evolution --- Animals --- Biological evolution --- Darwinism --- Evolutionary biology --- Evolutionary science --- Origin of species --- Biology --- Biological fitness --- Homoplasy --- Natural selection --- Phylogeny --- Prebiotic Chemical Evolution --- Chemical Evolution, Prebiotic --- Evolution, Prebiotic Chemical --- Prebiotic Chemical Evolutions

Export citation

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Bookmark

Abstract

The first comprehensive general resource on state-of-the-art protocell research, describing current approaches to making new forms of life from scratch in the laboratory.

Keywords

Artificial cells. --- Life (Biology) --- Cells, Artificial --- Microcapsules (Biology) --- Biology --- Cells --- BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES/General --- Basic Sciences. Biology --- Biogenesis. --- Cell Physiological Phenomena. --- Cells. --- Life (Biology). --- Models, Biological. --- Cellular Biology.