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Charles Darwin struggled to explain how forty thousand bees working in the dark, seemingly by instinct alone, could organize themselves to construct something as perfect as a honey comb. How do bees accomplish such incredible tasks? Synthesizing the findings of decades of experiments, The Spirit of the Hive presents a comprehensive picture of the genetic and physiological mechanisms underlying the division of labor in honey bee colonies and explains how bees' complex social behavior has evolved over millions of years. Robert Page, one of the foremost honey bee geneticists in the world, sheds light on how the coordinated activity of hives arises naturally when worker bees respond to stimuli in their environment. The actions they take in turn alter the environment and so change the stimuli for their nestmates. For example, a bee detecting ample stores of pollen in the hive is inhibited from foraging for more, whereas detecting the presence of hungry young larvae will stimulate pollen gathering. Division of labor, Page shows, is an inevitable product of group living, because individual bees vary genetically and physiologically in their sensitivities to stimuli and have different probabilities of encountering and responding to them. A fascinating window into self-organizing regulatory networks of honey bees, The Spirit of the Hive applies genomics, evolution, and behavior to elucidate the details of social structure and advance our understanding of complex adaptive systems in nature.

Beehives. --- Honeybee --- Pollen. --- Behavior. --- Evolution. --- Beehives --- Pollen --- Evolution --- Behavior --- Honeybee -- Behavior. --- Honeybee -- Evolution. --- Grains, Pollen --- Pollen grains --- Apis mellifera --- European honeybee --- Hive bee --- Honey bee --- Bee hives --- Bee houses --- Hives, Bee --- Pollinaria --- Anther --- Palynology --- Pollination --- Apis (Insects) --- Bees --- Bee culture --- Apiaries --- Housing --- Equipment and supplies

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In recent decades, independent national and international research programs have revealed possible reasons behind the death of managed honey bee colonies worldwide. Such losses are not due to a single factor, but instead are due to highly complex interactions between various internal and external influences, including pests, pathogens, honey bee stock diversity, and environmental changes. Reduced honey bee vitality and nutrition, exposure to agrochemicals, and the quality of colony management contribute to reduced colony survival in beekeeping operations. Our Special Issue (SI) on ‘’Monitoring of Honey Bee Colony Losses” aims to address the specific challenges that honey bee researchers and beekeepers face. This SI includes four reviews, with one being a meta-analysis that identifies gaps in the current and future directions for research into honey bee colonies’ mortalities. Other review articles include studies regarding the impact of numerous factors on honey bee mortality, including external abiotic factors (e.g., winter conditions and colony management) as well as biotic factors such as attacks by Vespa velutina and Varroa destructor.

Apis mellifera --- honey bee colony losses --- biotic factors --- abiotic factors --- varroa mite detection --- diagnosis --- infestation --- mortality --- control --- organic treatment --- Apis cerana --- agriculture --- forests --- home garden --- neonicotinoid --- Tetragonula laeviceps --- Vespa velutina --- alien driver --- honey bee --- damage --- pollinator --- populations under study --- biological effects --- stress --- experimental methods --- techniques --- honey bees --- Varroa destructor --- experimental apiaries --- varroacidal efficacy --- VMP --- honeybee mortality incidents --- pesticide --- survey --- LC-MS/MS --- GC-MS/MS --- hydroxymethylfurfural --- cell death --- immunohistochemistry --- Nosema ceranae --- corn --- honeybee colony --- monitoring hive --- neonicotinoids --- oilseed rape --- sunflower --- varroa control --- colony losses --- forage --- beekeeping --- citizen science --- overwintering --- monitoring --- honey bee diseases --- stressors --- pathology --- honey bee mortalities --- colonies management --- BPMN --- hives monitoring --- IoT --- modeling & simulation --- interoperability --- sensors --- honeybee behavior --- Industry 4.0 --- workflow