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There is currently increasing interest concerning the biology and disease caused by Acinetobacter species. Such interest, however, developed relatively slowly because of the necessity to clarify the confusing taxonomy of these organisms. Much work was needed to identify various species as members of this genus, to recognize their epidemiologic profile, their pathogenic role and their increasing importance as multi-antibiotic resistant organisms. In recent years improvement of genetic approaches, recognition of plasmids, integrons and chromosomal sources of resistance mechanisms aroused interest on the role of Acinetobacters in disease by many microbiologists and clinicians, especially internists and infectious disease specialists. In this regard, physicians are frequently confronted with extremely difficult therapeutic approaches for treatment and prevention of severe nosocomial infections due to multi antibiotic resistant Acinetobacter. Moreover, recent observations of community acquired infections have been reported, especially in patients with various risk factors such as immuno-deficiencies. Also, it is now becoming evident that Acinetobacter infections occur frequently in violent situations such as earthquake or war zones. The mechanisms of Acinetobacter virulence are becoming increasingly clear, providing new insights into their pathogenic role in community acquired infections. It is apparent the time is appropriate for detailed review of the increasing knowledge concerning important new information, both clinical and therapeutic, especially information concerning virulence, resistance mechanisms and typing of Acinetobacter spp. Many new findings are accumulating in almost an exponential manner since publication of previous books on this subject in 1991 and 1996.

Life Sciences. --- Microbiology. --- Immunology. --- Virology. --- Life sciences. --- Medical virology. --- Sciences de la vie --- Immunologie --- Virologie médicale --- Microbiologie --- Acinetobacter infections. --- Acinetobacter. --- Nosocomial infections. --- Acinetobacter infections --- Acinetobacter --- Nosocomial infections --- Moraxellaceae Infections --- Biology --- Moraxellaceae --- Infection --- Anti-Infective Agents --- Therapeutic Uses --- Gram-Negative Aerobic Rods and Cocci --- Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections --- Bacterial Infections and Mycoses --- Biological Science Disciplines --- Gammaproteobacteria --- Gram-Negative Aerobic Bacteria --- Bacterial Infections --- Natural Science Disciplines --- Diseases --- Proteobacteria --- Pharmacologic Actions --- Disciplines and Occupations --- Bacteria --- Gram-Negative Bacteria --- Chemical Actions and Uses --- Chemicals and Drugs --- Organisms --- Acinetobacter Infections --- Microbiology --- Anti-Bacterial Agents --- Cross Infection --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Microbiology & Immunology --- Hospital-acquired infections --- Hospital infections --- Acinetobacter diseases --- Colloides --- Herella --- Mimae --- Iatrogenic diseases --- Gram-negative bacterial infections --- Neisseriaceae

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The worldwide dissemination of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria, particularly those resistant to last-resource antibiotics, is a common problem to which no immediate solution is foreseen. In 2017, the World Health Organization (WHO) published a list of antimicrobial-resistant "priority pathogens", which include a group of microorganisms with high-level resistance to multiple drugs, named ESKAPE pathogens, comprising vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VRE), methicillin- and vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA and VRSA), extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) or carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae, carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii, carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) or carbapenem-resistant Enterobacter spp. These bacteria also have the ability to produce several virulence factors, which have a major influence on the outcomes of infectious diseases. Bacterial resistance and virulence are interrelated, since antibiotics pressure may influence bacterial virulence gene expression and, consequently, infection pathogenesis. Additionally, some virulence factors contribute to an increased resistance ability, as observed in biofilm-producing strains. The surveillance of important resistant and virulent clones and associated mobile genetic elements is essential to decision making in terms of mitigation measures to be applied for the prevention of such infections in both human and veterinary medicine, being also relevant to address the role of natural environments as important components of the dissemination cycle of these strains.

biocide --- antibiotic resistance --- cross-resistance --- aminoglycoside --- adaptation --- biofilm --- pyruvate cycle --- mastitis --- staphylococci --- virulence factors --- genes --- antimicrobial resistance --- infant --- newborn --- bacteremia --- Gram-negative bacteria --- drug resistance --- microbial --- mortality --- microcosm --- Aeromonas --- climate change --- temperature --- pH --- water --- Acinetobacter baumannii --- virulence --- whole-genome sequencing --- international high-risk clones --- genomic epidemiology --- dogs --- Escherichia coli --- ESBL --- CTX-M-15 --- CTX-M-1 --- CTX-M-32 --- CTX-M-55 --- CTX-M-14 --- qAmpC --- CMY-2 --- camel --- domestic --- milk --- virulence genes --- extended-spectrum β-lactamases --- biofilm formation --- Pseudomonas aeruginosa --- carbapenem resistance --- KPC-2 --- plasmid --- diabetic foot infections --- Staphylococcus aureus --- subinhibitory concentrations --- virulence-related genes

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Living in biofilms is the common way of life of microorganisms, transiently immobilized in their matrix of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), interacting in many ways and using the matrix as an external digestion and protection system. This is how they have organized their life in the environment, in the medical context and in technical systems – and has helped make them the oldest, most successful and ubiquitous form of life. In this book, hot spots in current biofilm research are presented in critical and sometimes provocative chapters. This serves a twofold purpose: to provide an overview and to inspire further discussions. Above all, the book seeks to stimulate lateral thinking.

Acinetobacter. --- Bacteria -- Motility. --- Biofilms. --- Biofilms --- Biology --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Microbiology & Immunology --- Microbial ecology. --- Environmental microbiology --- Microorganisms --- Ecology --- Life sciences. --- Medical microbiology. --- Microbiology. --- Water pollution. --- Materials science. --- Life Sciences. --- Applied Microbiology. --- Waste Water Technology / Water Pollution Control / Water Management / Aquatic Pollution. --- Medical Microbiology. --- Characterization and Evaluation of Materials. --- Material science --- Physical sciences --- Aquatic pollution --- Fresh water --- Fresh water pollution --- Freshwater pollution --- Inland water pollution --- Lake pollution --- Lakes --- Reservoirs --- River pollution --- Rivers --- Stream pollution --- Water contamination --- Water pollutants --- Water pollution --- Pollution --- Waste disposal in rivers, lakes, etc. --- Microbial biology --- Biosciences --- Sciences, Life --- Science --- Microbiology --- Microbial aggregation --- Microbial ecology --- Environmental pollution. --- Surfaces (Physics). --- Physics --- Surface chemistry --- Surfaces (Technology) --- Chemical pollution --- Chemicals --- Contamination of environment --- Environmental pollution --- Contamination (Technology) --- Asbestos abatement --- Bioremediation --- Environmental engineering --- Environmental quality --- Factory and trade waste --- Hazardous waste site remediation --- Hazardous wastes --- In situ remediation --- Lead abatement --- Pollutants --- Refuse and refuse disposal --- Environmental aspects --- Industrial microbiology. --- Pollution. --- Materials --- Industrial Microbiology. --- Characterization and Analytical Technique. --- Analysis. --- Biotechnology --- Industrial applications

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Legionella spp. are ubiquitous microorganisms that are widely distributed in aquatic environments. Water systems of large buildings, such as hospitals, hotels, and rental units are often contaminated by legionellae and various parameters such as physical, chemical, and microbial building water system characteristics can influence Legionella occurrence. A range of physical and chemical disinfection methods have been proposed to control Legionella contamination; however, to date, the most effective procedures have not been defined. There is a need to survey legionellae in water systems to prevent legionellosis. Although the assessment of L. pneumophila in water is typically performed by culture isolation on selective media, it has several limits. For this reason, alternative tools for rapid, sensitive, and specific detection of Legionella in water samples have been proposed. In order to increase knowledge on different aspects of Legionella contamination in the water environment, this book gathers research studies related to the occurrence of Legionella in water systems of different environments; the role of different factors that can influence the Legionella contamination, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of different methodological approaches.

WTP 828 --- Legionella --- risk assessment plan --- water quality --- microbial analysis --- chemical analysis --- distal site positivity --- hot water return line --- chlorine --- HPC --- temperature --- water management --- free-living amoebae --- biological biocide --- cooling towers --- Legionella pneumophila --- protozoa --- Vermamoeba --- Acanthamoeba --- potable water --- hospital water --- water disinfection --- legionellosis --- Dental unit waterlines --- Legionella spp. --- risk management --- disinfection --- SBT --- molecular diversity --- hotels --- Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAIs) --- Surgical Handwashing Outlets (SHWOs) --- sensor-activated faucets --- free-living amoebae (FLA) --- virulence genes --- Willaertia magna C2c Maky --- culture media --- environmental monitoring --- quality control --- first draw --- second draw --- biofilm --- whole genome sequencing --- premise plumbing systems --- Legiolert --- ISO 11731 --- plate culture --- potable water samples --- flint --- copper --- PEX --- iron --- premise plumbing --- Legionnaires’ disease --- culture --- BCYE and GVPC media --- MLVA-genotypes --- clonal complex --- West Bank --- non-tuberculous mycobacteria --- Pseudomonas --- Acinetobacter --- amoebae --- PVC --- drinking water --- ecotype --- groundwater --- environmental factors --- magnesium --- niche --- n/a --- Legionnaires' disease

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New approaches to deal with the growing concern associated with antibiotic-resistant bacteria are in great demand. For many years, antibiotics have widely been employed to treat infections. However, their excessive consumption and misuse have accelerated the rise of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms, which constitute a major challenge to global health. The antibiotic crisis is now a general concern; therefore, alternative biomolecules or drug delivery systems to treat infections are urgently needed. From natural extracts to traditional medicine remedies, to newly engineered nanocapsules and nanoparticles, to bio-based, biodegradable delivery platforms, many systems to fight infections are explored in this book.

nanoparticles --- 4-Nerolidylcatechol --- antifungals --- Microsporum canis --- polycaprolactone --- nanoprecipitation --- silver nanoparticles --- green synthesis method --- Catharanthus roseus --- Azadirachta indica --- multidrug-resistant bacteria --- wound healing --- nosocomial infection --- plant extract --- grapefruit seed extract --- antibacterial activity --- fiber–hydrogel composite --- biodegradable polymers --- skin regeneration --- drug delivery platforms --- controlled release --- tetramycin --- antimicrobial activity --- kiwifruit disease --- conventional antibiotics --- storage quality --- gold nanoparticles --- flavonoids --- Gram-negative bacteria --- DNA gyrase --- in silico --- multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (MDR-AB) --- hypertonic saline --- antibiotics --- biofilm --- aerosol delivery --- ultrahigh-throughput screening --- live biosensors --- antibiotic discovery --- gram-negative pathogens --- microfluidic droplet cocultivation --- efficient promoters --- polymyxins --- colistin biosynthetic gene cluster --- single cell --- multi-omics --- quercetin --- magnesium-doped calcium silicate --- osteogenic activity --- bone regeneration and nanofiber scaffold --- bulk-tank milk --- mastitis --- methicillin --- milk --- goat --- somatic cell counts --- staphylococcus --- tetracycline --- total bacterial counts --- prosthetic joint infection --- local prevention --- allicin --- chitosan --- Sphaerotheca sp. --- antibiotic --- Rosa roxburghii --- cyclic diphenylphosphonate --- quinoline --- DNA gyrase inhibitor --- molecular docking --- magnesium ion --- n/a --- fiber-hydrogel composite