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This book focuses on new sensing technologies, measurement techniques, and their applications in medicine and healthcare. Specifically, the book briefly describes the potential of smart sensors in the aforementioned applications, collecting 24 articles selected and published in the Special Issue “Smart Sensors for Healthcare and Medical Applications”. We proposed this topic, being aware of the pivotal role that smart sensors can play in the improvement of healthcare services in both acute and chronic conditions as well as in prevention for a healthy life and active aging. The articles selected in this book cover a variety of topics related to the design, validation, and application of smart sensors to healthcare.

radiation-induced current --- dosimetry --- photodiodes --- phototransistors (MOSFETs) --- photovoltaic sensor --- CCD/CMOS --- cancer nodules detection --- phantom --- stiffness analysis --- ultrasound analysis --- visual analysis --- automatic robotic platform --- remote support for pathologists --- gait analysis --- gait correction --- electrostatic gait signal --- improved Detrended Cross-Correlation Analysis cross-correlation coefficient --- measuring system --- measurements --- contactless --- respiratory rate --- breathing pattern --- ECG electrode swaps --- ECG electrode potentials --- WCT potential change --- reconstructing correct ECG leads --- MSMinv transformation --- unicolor limb–chest electrodes --- torsional wave --- cervix --- pregnancy --- cervical stiffness --- fiber Bragg gratings --- smart textiles --- wearable systems --- cardiac monitoring --- respiratory monitoring --- precision sports --- archery --- body pressure distribution --- air-filled cell --- alternating pressure air mattress --- time of flight --- air flow --- active control system --- mobile EEG recordings --- montage-replaceable headsets --- BCI --- fiber Bragg grating --- plastic optical fiber --- non-invasive measurement --- pulse wave signals --- blood pressure --- partial least squares regression --- people counting --- bi-directional --- motion detection --- time of flight sensor --- force myography --- prosthetic fitting --- regression --- calibration --- error reduction --- linear regression --- random forest --- general regression neural network --- cross-talk --- force sensitive resistor --- MRI --- EMG --- graph theory --- electrical network --- muscle activity --- forearm --- COPD --- oxygen concentrator --- oxygen therapy --- automatic oxygen concentrator --- physical activity --- machine learning --- respiratory medicine --- portable oxygen concentrator --- oxygen delivery --- cerebral palsy --- game-based rehabilitation exercises --- computerized assessment methods --- motion tracking sensors --- Kinect sensor --- EEG --- PPG --- epilepsy --- signal processing --- brain monitoring --- artificial neural network --- predictive analysis --- dietary monitoring --- healthcare --- ring-type biosensor --- personalized digital medicine --- frailty syndrome --- sit-to-stand --- 30-s chair stand test --- wearable sensors --- fetal movement simulator --- fetal movement monitor --- maternal abdomen model --- acoustic sensor --- accelerometer --- piezoelectric diaphragm --- fiber Bragg grating sensors (FBGs) --- functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) --- grasping actions detection --- motor assessment --- MR-compatible measuring systems --- abdominal movement signal --- hypopnea --- LSTM-RNN --- neural network --- oxygen saturation --- sleep apnea syndrome --- sleep–wake detection --- synchrosqueezing transform --- triaxial accelerometer --- thoracic movement signal --- multiple sclerosis --- kinematics --- surface EMG --- accelerator --- inertial sensor --- T10MW --- markerless motion capture --- automatic pushing analysis --- SCI patients --- RGB-D sensors --- respiration monitoring --- non-contact monitoring --- body movements detection --- thermal imaging --- natural sleep environments --- n/a --- unicolor limb-chest electrodes --- sleep-wake detection

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This paper analyses the causes and consequences of fiscal consolidation promise gaps, defined as the distance between planned fiscal adjustments and actual consolidations. Using 74 consolidation episodes derived from the narrative approach in 17 advanced economies during 1978 – 2015, the paper shows that promise gaps were sizeable (about 0.3 percent of GDP per year, or 1.1 percent of GDP during an average fiscal adjustment episode). Both economic and political factors explain the gaps: for example, greater electoral proximity, stronger political cohesion and higher accountability were all associated with smaller promise gaps. Finally, governments which delivered on their fiscal consolidation plans were rewarded by financial markets and not penalized by voters.

Fiscal policy. --- Budget. --- Budgeting --- Expenditures, Public --- Finance, Public --- Tax policy --- Taxation --- Economic policy --- Forecasting --- Government policy --- Macroeconomics --- Production and Operations Management --- Structure, Scope, and Performance of Government --- National Deficit Surplus --- Debt --- Debt Management --- Sovereign Debt --- Fiscal Policy --- Macroeconomics: Production --- National Budget --- Budget Systems --- Measurement and Data on National Income and Product Accounts and Wealth --- Environmental Accounts --- Budgeting & financial management --- Fiscal consolidation --- Output gap --- Budget planning and preparation --- GDP measurement --- Fiscal policy --- Production --- Public financial management (PFM) --- National accounts --- Economic theory --- Budget --- National income --- Canada --- Gdp measurement