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This book provides a comprehensive account of Kant’s development from the 1755/56 metaphysics to the cosmological antinomy of 1781. With the Theory of the Heavens (1755) and the Physical Monadology (1756), the young Kant had presented an ambitious approach to physical cosmology based on an atomistic theory of matter, which contributed to the foundations of an all-encompassing system of metaphysics. Why did he abandon this system in favor of his critical view that cosmology runs into an antinomy, according to the Critique of Pure Reason (CPR)? This book answers this question by focusing on Kant’s methodology and the internal problems of his 1755/56 theory of nature. A decisive role for Kant’s critical turn plays the argument from incongruent counterparts (1768), which drew much attention among philosophers of science, though not sufficiently in Kant research. Furthermore, the book analyses the genesis of the cosmological antinomy in the 1770s, the logical structure of the antinomy in the CPR, its relation to transcendental idealism, as explained in the “experiment of pure reason” (1787), and its role for the teleology of human reason. The book is addressed to Kant scholars, philosophers of science, and students of Kant’s philosophy.

Philosophy and science. --- Metaphysics. --- Philosophy of nature. --- Biology—Philosophy. --- Philosophy of Science. --- Philosophy of Nature. --- Philosophy of Biology. --- Nature --- Nature, Philosophy of --- Natural theology --- Philosophy --- God --- Ontology --- Philosophy of mind --- Science and philosophy --- Science --- Cosmology --- Philosophy. --- Kant, Immanuel, --- Kant, Immanuel --- Kant, I. --- Kānt, ʻAmmānūʼīl, --- Kant, Immanouel, --- Kant, Immanuil, --- Kʻantʻŭ, --- Kant, --- Kant, Emmanuel, --- Ḳanṭ, ʻImanuʼel, --- Kant, E., --- Kant, Emanuel, --- Cantơ, I., --- Kant, Emanuele, --- Kant, Im. --- קאנט --- קאנט, א. --- קאנט, עמנואל --- קאנט, עמנואל, --- קאנט, ע. --- קנט --- קנט, עמנואל --- קנט, עמנואל, --- كانت ، ايمانوئل --- كنت، إمانويل، --- カントイマニユエル, --- Kangde, --- 康德, --- Kanṭ, Īmānwīl, --- كانط، إيمانويل --- Kant, Manuel,

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This volume offers a broad, philosophical discussion on mechanical explanations. Coverage ranges from historical approaches and general questions to physics and higher-level sciences . The contributors also consider the topics of complexity, emergence, and reduction. Mechanistic explanations detail how certain properties of a whole stem from the causal activities of its parts. This kind of explanation is in particular employed in explanatory models of the behavior of complex systems. Often used in biology and neuroscience, mechanistic explanation models have been often overlooked in the philosophy of physics. The authors correct this surprising neglect. They trace these models back to their origins in physics. The papers present a comprehensive historical, methodological, and problem-oriented investigation. The contributors also investigate the conditions for using models of mechanistic explanations in physics. The last papers make the bridge from physics to economics, the theory of complex systems and computer science . This book will appeal to graduate students and researchers with an interest in the philosophy of science, scientific explanation, complex systems, models of explanation in physics higher level sciences, and causal mechanisms in science.

Mathematics-Philosophy. --- Mechanics. --- Mechanics, applied. --- Philosophy (General). --- Computer science. --- Philosophy of Mathematics. --- Classical Mechanics. --- Theoretical and Applied Mechanics. --- History of Philosophy. --- Mathematics of Computing. --- Informatics --- Science --- Applied mechanics --- Engineering, Mechanical --- Engineering mathematics --- Classical mechanics --- Newtonian mechanics --- Physics --- Dynamics --- Quantum theory --- Mathematics—Philosophy. --- Mechanics, Applied. --- Philosophy. --- Computer science—Mathematics. --- Mental philosophy --- Humanities

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The book is a historical introduction to astroparticle physics. Its scope is to give an overview of this complex field of research, starting with the discovery of cosmic rays (Victor Hess, 1912) until the current experiments with particle telescopes. The book focuses on the ways in which physics changes in the course of this history. The following changes run parallel, overlap, and/or interact:   - Discovery of effects like X-rays, radioactivity, cosmic rays, new   particles, the Cosmic Microwave Background and its anisotropies, but also progress through non-discoveries (monopoles) etc.   - The change of the description of nature in physics, as consequence of   the scientific revolutions at the beginning of the 20th century, giving rise to quantum physics, relativity, etc.   - The shifts from particle physics to cosmology and to particle physics   with cosmic accelerators.   - The change of experimental methods, cooperations, and disciplinary divisions.   With regard to the latter change, a main topic of the book is to make the specific multi-disciplinary features of astroparticle physics clear to undergraduate and graduate students, historians of physics, and philosophers of science.

Cosmology. --- Nuclear astrophysics. --- Particles (Nuclear physics). --- Nuclear astrophysics --- Particles (Nuclear physics) --- Astronomy & Astrophysics --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- Astrophysics --- History --- Elementary particles (Physics) --- High energy physics --- Nuclear particles --- Nucleons --- Physics. --- Astronomy. --- Astrophysics. --- Astrophysics and Astroparticles. --- History and Philosophical Foundations of Physics. --- Astronomy, Astrophysics and Cosmology. --- Nuclear physics --- Natural philosophy --- Philosophy, Natural --- Physical sciences --- Dynamics --- Astronomical physics --- Astronomy --- Cosmic physics --- Physics