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Many years ago the famous Russian TB-urologist professor Vilghelm Grund called Urogenital Tuberculosis (UGTB) a “great hoaxer”, and until today UGTB is an unsolved problem. Clinical features of UGTB are flexible and variable, UGTB mimics numerous other diseases that result in delayed diagnosis. This book approaches the classification, pathogenesis, diagnostic, therapy and surgery for kidney tuberculosis as well as male genital tuberculosis. The reader will find recent data on epidemiology, many interesting history cases with illustrations and new methods for the identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Genitourinary organs --- Tuberculosis. --- Diseases --- Diagnosis. --- Microbiology. --- Human physiology. --- Urology. --- Medical Microbiology. --- Human Physiology. --- Medicine --- Human biology --- Medical sciences --- Physiology --- Human body --- Microbial biology --- Biology --- Microorganisms --- Medical microbiology.

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This book concerns non-linguistic knowledge required to perform computational natural language understanding (NLU). The main objective of the book is to show that inference-based NLU has the potential for practical large scale applications. First, an introduction to research areas relevant for NLU is given. We review approaches to linguistic meaning, explore knowledge resources, describe semantic parsers, and compare two main forms of inference: deduction and abduction. In the main part of the book, we propose an integrative knowledge base combining lexical-semantic, ontological, and distributional knowledge. A particular attention is payed to ensuring its consistency. We then design a reasoning procedure able to make use of the large scale knowledge base. We experiment both with a deduction-based NLU system and with an abductive reasoner. For evaluation, we use three different NLU tasks: recognizing textual entailment, semantic role labeling, and interpretation of noun dependencies.

Languages. --- Business & Economics --- Languages & Literatures --- Economic History --- Philology & Linguistics --- Information technology. --- Information networks. --- Automated information networks --- Networks, Information --- IT (Information technology) --- Computer science. --- Mathematical logic. --- Computers. --- Artificial intelligence. --- Text processing (Computer science). --- Computational linguistics. --- Computer Science. --- Language Translation and Linguistics. --- Artificial Intelligence (incl. Robotics). --- Mathematical Logic and Formal Languages. --- Document Preparation and Text Processing. --- Computing Methodologies. --- Automatic language processing --- Language and languages --- Language data processing --- Linguistics --- Natural language processing (Linguistics) --- Applied linguistics --- Cross-language information retrieval --- Mathematical linguistics --- Multilingual computing --- Processing, Text (Computer science) --- Database management --- Electronic data processing --- Information storage and retrieval systems --- Word processing --- AI (Artificial intelligence) --- Artificial thinking --- Electronic brains --- Intellectronics --- Intelligence, Artificial --- Intelligent machines --- Machine intelligence --- Thinking, Artificial --- Bionics --- Cognitive science --- Digital computer simulation --- Logic machines --- Machine theory --- Self-organizing systems --- Simulation methods --- Fifth generation computers --- Neural computers --- Automatic computers --- Automatic data processors --- Computer hardware --- Computing machines (Computers) --- Electronic calculating-machines --- Electronic computers --- Hardware, Computer --- Computer systems --- Cybernetics --- Calculators --- Cyberspace --- Algebra of logic --- Logic, Universal --- Mathematical logic --- Symbolic and mathematical logic --- Symbolic logic --- Mathematics --- Algebra, Abstract --- Metamathematics --- Set theory --- Syllogism --- Informatics --- Science --- Data processing --- Information services --- Technology --- Telematics --- Information superhighway --- Knowledge management --- Natural language processing (Computer science). --- Natural Language Processing (NLP). --- Artificial Intelligence. --- NLP (Computer science) --- Artificial intelligence --- Human-computer interaction --- Semantic computing

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Telecommunications are increasingly recognized as a key component in the infrastructure of economic development. For many years, there were state-owned monopolies in the telecommunications sector. In transition economies, they were characterized by especially poor performance and high access deficits, as telecommunications were considered to be a non-profit-oriented production process intended to support the socio-economic superstructures. As a result, the starting point for the reform processes in transition countries was quite poor performed public monopolies, functioned under completely different circumstances as the peers in the market economies. The main question of this book is what the strategies for the successful future development of the telecommunications sector in transition countries are. The special focus is on Russia, the largest of the transition countries.

Telecommunication -- Law and legislation -- Russia. --- Telecommunication policy -- Russia. --- Telecommunication. --- Telecommunication policy --- Telecommunication --- Business & Economics --- Economic Theory --- Transportation Economics --- Law and legislation --- Telecommunication and state --- Electric communication --- Mass communication --- Telecom --- Telecommunication industry --- Telecommunications --- Government policy --- Industrial organization. --- Economic policy. --- Development economics. --- Regional economics. --- Spatial economics. --- Economics. --- Development Economics. --- Economic Policy. --- Industrial Organization. --- Regional/Spatial Science. --- Communication --- Information theory --- Telecommuting --- Economics --- Regional planning --- Regionalism --- Space in economics --- Industries --- Organization --- Industrial concentration --- Industrial management --- Industrial sociology --- Economic nationalism --- Economic planning --- National planning --- State planning --- Planning --- National security --- Social policy --- Economic development --- Spatial economics --- Regional economics

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In pregnancy, maternal nutrition sustains and nourishes the developing child. Imbalances in either the direction of nutritional excess or deficiency can have adverse consequences for child health. In addition, more research now suggests that good pregnancy nutrition influences child health beyond pregnancy and delivery. This includes modifying the risk of child health outcomes as they enter childhood and adulthood through influences on placental development, hormonal pathways, and organ structure and function. Poor pregnancy nutrition may also compromise maternal health during pregnancy, which may have long-term consequences for women’s health. Understanding the biological and social mechanisms operating during pregnancy can help in the design of better clinical and public health interventions. This Special Issue on “The Role of Pregnancy Nutrition in Maternal and Offspring Health” includes etiological and mechanistic studies of pregnancy nutrition with short- and long-term maternal and child health outcomes, including original research, narrative reviews, and systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Together, this body of work provides important insights into the influence of dietary patterns, food groups, and nutrients on pregnancy outcomes, and long-term neurodevelopmental, respiratory, and metabolic health in the children. It also highlights nutritional consequences for specific groups of women, including those with pregnancy complications and eating disorders.

non-IgE-mediated food reactions --- eating disorders --- foetal programming --- bulimia nervosa --- Obesity --- fatty fish --- Mediterranean diet --- angiogenesis --- pregnancy --- asthma --- preeclampsia --- infant nutrition --- food clusters --- placenta --- maternal nutrition --- DHA --- chronic kidney disease --- Dlx3 --- pregnancy outcomes --- neonatal outcomes --- choline --- offspring health --- sirtuin --- omega-3 --- inflammation --- placental insufficiency --- gestational diabetes --- docosahexaenoic acid --- fetal development --- birth weight --- binge eating disorder --- preterm Birth --- vitamin D --- food frequency questionnaire --- eating behavior --- attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity --- SGA --- systematic review --- weaning --- hypothalamic inflammation --- birthweight --- dietary screening --- food-related IgG --- breastfeeding --- purging --- preterm birth --- Rhodiola --- foetal growth --- micronutrients --- gestational age --- obesity prevention --- autism spectrum disorder --- vegan diets --- pregnancy nutrition --- Iodine --- nutritional programing --- dietary behaviour --- preterm labor --- nutrition --- birth length --- ghrelin --- lactation --- immunomodulators --- head circumference --- Echinacea --- dietary habits --- brain health --- probiotics --- Camellia --- large for gestational age (LGA) --- apoptosis --- vegetarian diets --- human milk --- anorexia nervosa --- neurodevelopmental disorders --- lifestyle intervention --- placental transport --- diet --- microglia --- Panax --- eye function --- plant-based diets --- social experiment --- meta-analysis --- essential fatty acids --- etiology --- small for gestational age (SGA) --- Insufficiency --- developmental origins of health and disease --- fortification

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This e-book offers an original approach to late Roman/early Byzantine diplomacy as a system. Assessing both official and clandestine perspectives, Ekaterina Nechaeva examines the working mechanisms of this diplomatic machine and reveals the'block'organization of embassies as a basic feature of international communication. Negotiations were split into several phases and accompanied by elaborate protocol and rich ceremony. Gift exchange and the distribution of insignia comprised a vital part of the diplomatic process. What were the semantics of these symbolic acts? The study accents the status significance of such donations. Ambassadors, who embodied high-level diplomacy, delivered gifts, led talks, and mediated international dialogue. Who were these envoys? How dangerous and adventurous were their missions? What were these expeditions like? How did they travel and how far? Nechaeva scrutinizes these and further questions by investigating the practices of ambassadorial business. Throughout the e-book the analysis of secret negotiations, the intelligence system and spy activities of envoys, plots and political murders reveals the shadowy side of diplomacy.

Diplomacy --- History. --- History