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This book was prompted by the current, lingering financial crisis, which has its basis in the disorderly financial practices of the United States. These practices have resulted in an accumulated debt which now requires the United States to run financial policies at artificially low interest rates. In principle, these low interest rates should flood the markets with ready money. Since the spread for banks is very thin, however, and they must carefully discriminate between available risks and finance only those propositions with no risk, credit is not abundantly available. With staggering foreign debt and a myriad of other perils looming, this great nation is at peril for sure. In the tradition of the Heilbronn Symposium, the authors look at historical cases as a means of understanding the current situation and informing possible solutions to a problem that continues to affect the global economy. The volume analyzes cases such as Prussia, Greece, Italy, Estonia, and the European Union. This book will be of interest to scholars and students of economic history as well as policy makers who may benefit from an historical understanding of the economic challenges their countries currently face.

Economics/Management Science. --- Methodology and the History of Economic Thought. --- Economic Policy. --- Macroeconomics/Monetary Economics. --- Economics. --- Economic policy. --- Macroeconomics. --- Economics --- Economie politique --- Politique économique --- Macroéconomie --- Methodology. --- Méthodologie --- Economics_xMethodology. --- Business & Economics --- Economic History --- Financial crises --- History. --- History --- Crashes, Financial --- Crises, Financial --- Financial crashes --- Financial panics --- Panics (Finance) --- Stock exchange crashes --- Stock market panics --- Economic history. --- Methodology/History of Economic Thought. --- Macroeconomics/Monetary Economics//Financial Economics. --- Crises --- History of Economic Thought/Methodology. --- Economic nationalism --- Economic planning --- National planning --- State planning --- Planning --- National security --- Social policy --- Economic conditions --- History, Economic

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This book discusses the philosophy and educational reforms initiated by Wilhelm von Humboldt as well as their legacy in the modern university system. It begins with a discussion of the history of the university from antiquity and the Middle Ages through the era of Humboldt’s reforms and its remnants in and implications for the present day. The authors then delve into policy, outlining the key conflicts that have informed the development of university educational policy, such as the clash between academia and professional education, the coordination of public administration and educational institutions, and the perennial issue of funding. Humboldt’s ideas are then discussed within an economic context, using his principals of the state to analyze the relationship between current models of household and family economics and German economic and social policy. The book is rounded off by a philosophical analysis of the institution of the university and concludes with an update of the remains Humboldt’s reforms within the current university system. With its multidisciplinary approach to the study of higher education reform in Europe and its key players, this book will appeal to scholars of economic history, educational policy, and public administration as well as administrators and policy makers in higher education.  .

Economics/Management Science. --- Methodology and the History of Economic Thought. --- Social Policy. --- Economic Policy. --- Economics. --- Economic policy. --- Social policy. --- Economics --- Economie politique --- Politique économique --- Politique sociale --- Methodology. --- Méthodologie --- Economics_xMethodology. --- Business & Economics --- Economic History --- Universities and colleges --- Economic aspects. --- Humboldt, Wilhelm, --- Colleges --- Degree-granting institutions --- Higher education institutions --- Higher education providers --- Institutions of higher education --- Postsecondary institutions --- Humboldt, Guillaume, --- Humboldt, Charles Guillaume, --- Humboldt, Friedrich Wilhelm Christian Karl Ferdinand, --- Humboldt, Guillermo de, --- De Humboldt, Guillermo, --- Von Humboldt, Wilhelm, --- De Humboldt, Guillaume, --- De Humboldt, Charles Guillaume, --- Von Humboldt, Friedrich Wilhelm Christian Karl Ferdinand, --- Von Humboldt, Guillermo, --- Humbolts, V., --- Humboldt, G. de --- Gumbolʹdt, V., --- Gumbolʹdt, Vilʹgelʹm fon, --- Economic history. --- Methodology/History of Economic Thought. --- Public institutions --- Schools --- Education, Higher --- History of Economic Thought/Methodology. --- Economic nationalism --- Economic planning --- National planning --- State planning --- Planning --- National security --- Social policy --- Economic policy --- Family policy --- Social history --- Economic conditions --- History, Economic

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Physiocracy, or the economic theory that a nation’s wealth comes from is agricultural and land development, was a popular school of thought in France in the 18th century. It was short-lived and it did not take long for the counter position, called Antiphysiocracy, to succeed it. Antiphysiokrat (1780) by Johann Friederich (von) Pfeiffer (1718-1787) greatly reduced the impact of the movement in Germany. However, Physiocracy did have some long-term effects, which are especially very relevant today and worthy of closer examination. The movement also has gained renewed interest in recent years because of the emphasis on land and the environment. The main consequence of Physiocracy was the development of forestry—the maintenance of forests to ensure sustainability—which would become the first of the applied environmental sciences. The other lasting point of Physiocracy is the idea of a single tax on land—made popular by Henry George in the late 19th century—while Antiphysiocracy has left us with a manifold and complex tax system. The contribution and significance of the Physiocrats and Antiphysiocrats are explored in detail through chapter contributions by economists, philosophers, and social historians. For example, Erik Reinert examines the topic of protective measures and puts it in a broader context in his chapter, which also includes several figures on technological dynamics. This topic is carried further by Sophus Reinert of Cambridge University, who focuses on economic espionage at the time. Enrico Schöbel and Hans Frambach look at the economic policy side of Physiocracy with respect to taxation. Kenneth Carpenter at Harvard shows that it was not the Bible that was the mostly widespread literature in the nineteenth century, as one might expect, but the Pfeiffer-type publications that shaped the knowledge economy. The book concludes that neither the Physiocrats, nor the Antiphysiocrats were pure profit maximizers and that they all had the well-being of the commonwealth in mind. It brings to light previous studies only conducted in German and is the first analysis of Pfeiffer in a century, making the book of interest to any student or scholar of political economy and the history of economic thought.

Comparative economics. --- Economics -- Philosophy. --- Mercantile system. --- Pfeiffer, Johann Friedrich von, -- 1718-1787. --- Physiocrats --- Economics --- Comparative economics --- Business & Economics --- Economic Theory --- Economic History --- History --- Physiocrats. --- Philosophy. --- Pfeiffer, Johann Friedrich von, --- Bodenreform --- Comparative economic systems --- Economics, Comparative --- Von Pfeiffer, Johann Friedrich, --- Political science. --- Economic history. --- Social sciences. --- Economics. --- Methodology/History of Economic Thought. --- Political Science. --- Social Sciences, general. --- Economists --- Economic policy --- History of Economic Thought/Methodology. --- Behavioral sciences --- Human sciences --- Sciences, Social --- Social science --- Social studies --- Civilization --- Administration --- Civil government --- Commonwealth, The --- Government --- Political theory --- Political thought --- Politics --- Science, Political --- Social sciences --- State, The --- Economic conditions --- History, Economic

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One of the last Prussian Reforms during the Napoleonic Era was the constitution of local autonomy for the cities. Proof of its lasting importance is that it was the cities that carried out the deficit-based employment policies of the early 1930s also had to carry the burden of a democratic reconstitution of Germany in the postwar period. After the crushing defeat at Napoleon’s hands, likewise the reconstitution of Prussia fell to the cities. Today, the same constellation of problems can be found on different stages.  Europe, as it is growing together, faces a democracy deficit which ultimately will have to be addressed by the cities.  The countries in transition and undergoing transformation likewise will have to find arenas for democratic decision making, which likely will be at the municipal level. Finally, the United States of America also faces a quagmire at the federal level which ultimately will have to be resolved at the state or local level. Contributions to this book examine all of these issues, making it of interest to students in urban studies, public administration, history and political science as well as policy-makers concerned with local government and autonomy.

Autonomy -- Congresses. --- Autonomy. --- Local government -- Congresses. --- Local government. --- Public administration -- Congresses. --- Local government --- Autonomy --- Government - U.S. --- Political Science --- Law, Politics & Government --- Local Government - U.S. --- Political Science - General --- Local administration --- Township government --- Independence --- Self-government --- Political science. --- Political Science and International Relations. --- Political Science. --- Subnational governments --- Administrative and political divisions --- Decentralization in government --- Public administration --- International law --- Political science --- Sovereignty --- Administration --- Civil government --- Commonwealth, The --- Government --- Political theory --- Political thought --- Politics --- Science, Political --- Social sciences --- State, The --- Deutschland. --- Political Science, general --- Deutsche Länder --- Germany --- Heiliges Römisches Reich --- Rheinbund --- Deutscher Bund --- Norddeutscher Bund --- Deutsches Reich --- Deutschland --- BRD --- Federal Republic of Germany --- Republic of Germany --- Allemagne --- Ǧumhūrīyat Almāniyā al-Ittiḥādīya --- Bundesrepublik Deutschland --- Niemcy --- République Fédérale d'Allemagne --- Repubblica Federale di Germania --- Germanija --- Federativnaja Respublika Germanija --- FRG --- Deyizhi-Lianbang-Gongheguo --- Deutsche --- Deutsches Sprachgebiet --- 03.10.1990 --- -Social sciences

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This volume contains eleven essays on Johann Heinrich Gottlob von Justi's concepts of the modern economy. These essays reflect both Justi's life and professional work, focusing on his ideas on economics and social sciences. Interesting are the aspects of his biography that gave rise to the development of his economic thought. Apart from Justi's personal background, this book contains the beginning of modern economics because Justi's philosophy was linked to government, labour, morality, health and finally the good society. Justi, throughout his life, had a dual career of being on the one hand a prolific writer and educator, on the other hand an administrator in the core state business of mining, then an important revenue source, and he typically combined the two. He gave two inaugural lectures in 1750 in front of Queen and Empress Maria Theresia. The lecture on cameral sciences is truly the beginning of modern economics: Justi was of the opinion that the happiness of the state would be increased if the number of happy and healthy persons would increase. For this reason, health was a major focus of his attention long before the advent of health economics. The main benefit the reader will derive from the book is an understanding of how economics developed as a separate science. Furthermore, they will see how Justi laid the foundation for policy sciences, the specialty of many schools of government today.

Metabolism, Inborn errors of --- Newborn infants --- Medical screening. --- Metabolism, Inborn errors --- Hypthyroidism --- Hypothyroidism --- Mass screening --- Infant, Newborn. --- Diagnosis. --- Diseases --- In infancy and childhood. --- Prevention and control. --- Congenital. --- Economics -- History -- 18th century. --- Justi, Johann Heinrich Gottlob von, d. 1771 -- Political and social views. --- Political science -- History -- 18th century. --- Justi, Johann Heinrich Gottlob von, --- Justi, Jean-Henri Gottlobs de, --- Justi, Johan Hendrik Gottlob van, --- Justi, --- Von Justi, Johann Heinrich Gottlob, --- Political science --- Economics --- History --- Political and social views. --- Political science. --- Economic history. --- Social sciences. --- Sociology. --- Economics. --- Methodology/History of Economic Thought. --- Sociology, general. --- Methodology of the Social Sciences. --- Political Science. --- Social theory --- Social sciences --- Behavioral sciences --- Human sciences --- Sciences, Social --- Social science --- Social studies --- Civilization --- Economic conditions --- History, Economic --- Administration --- Civil government --- Commonwealth, The --- Government --- Political theory --- Political thought --- Politics --- Science, Political --- State, The --- History of Economic Thought/Methodology. --- Methodology.