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The paper discusses the reasons for supporting international trade finance during a liquidity crisis. Targeted interventions are justified when prices are rigid and sellers insist on immediate payment due to fears of strategic default. In this case, buyers who reject the seller's offer fail to internalize the seller's benefit from additional liquidity. A general infusion of credit will not facilitate the beneficial transaction, but an infusion targeted at the buyer's bank's trade finance supply will do so. Since there is a need for interventions in one country to benefit actors in another, international coordination is called for.

Access to Finance --- Asymmetric information --- Bank credit --- Borrower --- Contract enforcement --- Credit market --- Credit policies --- Credit subsidies --- Debt Markets --- Economic Theory and Research --- Emerging Markets --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Financial markets --- Government interventions --- International Bank --- International Economics & Trade --- International Trade --- International transactions --- Law and Development --- Liquidity --- Liquidity Crisis --- Loan --- Moral hazard --- Private Sector Development --- Trade credit --- Trade Finance --- Trade Law --- Transaction

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New data on export insurance and guarantees suggest that publicly backed export credit agencies have played a role to prevent a complete drying up of trade finance markets during the current financial crisis. Given that export credit agencies are mainly located in advanced and emerging economies, the question arises whether developing countries that are not equipped with these agencies should establish their own agencies to support exporting firms and avoid trade finance shortages in times of crisis. This paper highlights a number of issues requiring attention in the decision whether to establish such specialized financial institutions. It concludes that developing countries should consider export credit agencies only when certain pre-requirements in terms of financial capacity, institutional capability, and governance are met.

Access to Finance --- Banks & Banking Reform --- Collateral --- Credit agencies --- Credit risk --- Credit spreads --- Debt Markets --- Developing countries --- Emerging economies --- Emerging Markets --- Emerging markets --- External finance --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Financial crisis --- Financial institution --- Financial institutions --- Financial Intermediation --- Insurance --- International bank --- International trade --- Liquidity --- Private Sector Development --- Secondary market --- Trade credit --- Trade finance --- Trade financing --- Trading

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Growing research and policy interest focuses on the misallocation of output and factors of production in developing economies. This paper considers the possible misallocation of financial loans. Using plant-level data on the organized and unorganized sectors, the paper describes the temporal, geographic, and industry distributions of financial loans. The focus of the analysis is the hypothesis that land misallocation might be an important determinant of financial misallocation (for example, because of the role of land as collateral against loans). Using district-industry variations, the analysis finds evidence to support this hypothesis, although it does not find a total reduction in the intensity of financial loans or those being given to new entrants. The analysis also considers differences by gender of business owners and workers in firms. Although potential early gaps for businesses with substantial female employment have disappeared in the organized sector, a sizeable and persistent gap remains in the unorganized sector.

Access to banking --- Access to credit --- Access to external finance --- Access to finance --- Access to financial services --- Access to formal credit --- Access to formal finance --- Access to loans --- Asymmetric information --- Bank branches --- Bank credit --- Bank financing --- Bank loan --- Bank loans --- Banking --- Banking services --- Banks --- Banks and banking reform --- Biases --- Borrower --- Borrowers --- Borrowing --- Business owners --- Business plans --- Capital --- Co-operative banks --- Collateral --- Collateral requirements --- Collateral support --- Commercial banks --- Cost of capital --- Credit --- Credit bureaus --- Credit information --- Credit market --- Credit markets --- Credit policy --- Credit registries --- Credit risk --- Credit support --- Credit-worthiness --- Creditworthiness --- Debt collectors --- Debt markets --- Directed credit --- Disparities in access --- Econometrics --- Economic activity --- Economic growth --- Economic policy --- Economics --- Employment --- Enterprise --- Enterprise development --- Entrepreneur --- Entrepreneurs --- Entrepreneurship --- Equity --- Exclusion --- External finance --- External financing --- Finance and financial sector development --- Financial access --- Financial deepening --- Financial depth --- Financial development --- Financial institutions --- Financial integration --- Financial markets --- Financial sector --- Financial sector development --- Financial services --- Financial strength --- Financing --- Fixed assets --- Formal credit --- Formal finance --- Gender --- Gender inequality --- Government policy --- Governments --- Guarantee --- Households --- Housing --- Human capital --- Inequality --- Information sharing --- Infrastructure --- Intangible assets --- Interest expense --- Interest payment --- Interest rate --- Investment --- Issue of access --- Job creation --- Labor --- Labor market --- Labor markets --- Lack of collateral --- Land markets --- Lenders --- Lending --- Liberalization --- Loan --- Loan access --- Loan demand --- Loans --- Macroeconomics --- Marginal revenue --- Market value --- Markets --- Micro enterprises --- Micro-credit --- Micro-enterprises --- Micro-entrepreneurs --- Micro-finance --- Micro-finance institutions --- Microfinance --- Monetary policy --- Money lenders --- Net value --- Outreach --- Outstanding loan --- Outstanding loans --- Overdraft --- Personal assets --- Private enterprise --- Private enterprises --- Profitability --- Property --- Real estate --- Repossession --- Reserve bank of india --- Resource allocation --- Revenue --- Risk --- Risk perception --- Rural bank --- Rural bank branches --- Services --- Sizes of loan --- Small business --- Small business owners --- Small businesses --- Strategies --- Tangible assets --- Taxes --- Trade credit --- Trade credits --- Transport --- Union --- Urban areas --- Value --- Villages --- Water & industry --- Water resources --- Water supply --- Working capital