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"Keefer and Vlaicu demonstrate that sharply different policy choices across democracies can be explained as a consequence of differences in the ability of political competitors to make credible pre-electoral commitments to voters. Politicians can overcome their credibility deficit in two ways. First, they can build reputations. This requires that they fulfill preconditions that in practice are costly--informing voters of their promises, tracking those promises, and ensuring that voters turn out on election day. Alternatively, they can rely on intermediaries--patrons--who are already able to make credible commitments to their clients. Endogenizing credibility in this way, the authors find that targeted transfers and corruption are higher and public good provision lower than in democracies in which political competitors can make credible pre-electoral promises. They also argue that in the absence of political credibility, political reliance on patrons enhances welfare in the short run, in contrast to the traditional view that clientelism in politics is a source of significant policy distortion. However, in the long run reliance on patrons may undermine the emergence of credible political parties. The model helps to explain several puzzles. For example, public investment and corruption are higher in young democracies than old; and democratizing reforms succeeded remarkably in Victorian England, in contrast to the more difficult experiences of many democratizing countries, such as the Dominican Republic. This paper--a product of the Growth and Investment Team, Development Research Group--is part of a larger effort in the group to investigate the political economy of development"--World Bank web site.

Democracy. --- Patron and client. --- Policy sciences. --- Truthfulness and falsehood.

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Indispensable immigrants recreates the world of peasants who streamed into the cities of late medieval and early modern northern Italy to carry crushingly heavy containers of wine. Written in an easily accessible and unassuming style, it is solidly grounded in previously untapped archival and visual sources. In this first-ever reconstruction of the forgotten metier of wine porter, topography plays a key role in forming the labour market; in the scramble to distinguish professionals from manual labourers the term artist gets divorced from lowly artisan, and wretched diet is invoked to explain w

Poverty --- Poverty (Virtue) --- Religious aspects --- Christianity. --- Alberto, --- Italy, Northern --- Northern Italy --- Church history. --- Wine industry --- Porters --- Peasants --- Railroad porters --- Redcaps --- Airports --- Hotels --- Railroads --- Alcoholic beverage industry --- Destitution --- Wealth --- Basic needs --- Begging --- Poor --- Subsistence economy --- Peasantry --- Agricultural laborers --- Rural population --- Marks (Medieval land tenure) --- Villeinage --- History --- Religious aspects&delete& --- Christianity --- Employees --- E-books --- Albertus Villaeoniensis --- Cremona. --- Fernand Braudel. --- Northern Italy. --- Parma. --- Piacenza. --- Reggio Emilia. --- Saint Alberto. --- Saint-Mattia. --- Teofilo Folengo. --- bishops. --- brenta. --- brentatore. --- community. --- indispensable immigrants. --- papacy. --- patron saint. --- peasants. --- popes. --- sainthood. --- wine porters.

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New Jersey has long been a breeding ground for political corruption, and most of it is perfectly legal. Public officials accept favors from lobbyists, give paid positions to relatives, and rig the electoral process to favor their cronies in a system where campaign money is used to buy government results. Such unethical behavior is known as "soft corruption," and former New Jersey legislator William E. Schluter has been fighting it for the past fifty years. In this searing personal narrative, the former state senator recounts his fight to expose and reform these acts of government misconduct. Not afraid to cite specific cases of soft corruption in New Jersey politics, he paints a vivid portrait of public servants who care more about political power and personal gain than the public good. By recounting events that he witnessed firsthand in the Garden State, he provides dramatic illustrations of ills that afflict American politics nationwide. As he identifies five main forms of soft corruption, Schluter diagnoses the state government's ethical malaise, and offers concrete policy suggestions for how it might be cured. Not simply a dive through the muck of New Jersey politics, Soft Corruption is an important first step to reforming our nation's political system, a book that will inspire readers to demand that our elected officials can and must do better. Visit: www.softcorruption.com (http://www.softcorruption.com)

Political corruption --- Misconduct in office --- Campaign funds --- Conflict of interests --- Patronage, Political --- Political culture --- Political patronage --- Spoils system --- Conflict of interest --- Conflict of interests (Agency) --- Conflict of interests (Public office) --- Conflicts of interest --- Interests, Conflict of --- Malfeasance in office --- Misfeasance in office --- Official misconduct --- Boss rule --- Corruption (in politics) --- Graft in politics --- Malversation --- Political scandals --- Politics, Practical --- Corrupt practices --- New Jersy --- Politics and government. --- Culture --- Political science --- Civil service reform --- Ethics --- Administrative responsibility --- Corruption --- New Jersey --- E-books --- #SBIB:35H52 --- Ethiek van bestuur en beleid. --- Ethiek van bestuur en beleid --- Clientelism, Political --- Patron-client politics --- Political clientelism --- Political sociology

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What are corporations, and to whom are they responsible? Anthropologist Marina Welker draws on two years of research at Newmont Mining Corporation's Denver headquarters and its Batu Hijau copper and gold mine in Sumbawa, Indonesia, to address these questions. Against the backdrop of an emerging Corporate Social Responsibility movement and changing state dynamics in Indonesia, she shows how people enact the mining corporation in multiple ways: as an ore producer, employer, patron, promoter of sustainable development, religious sponsor, auditable organization, foreign imperialist, and environmental threat. Rather than assuming that corporations are monolithic, profit-maximizing subjects, Welker turns to anthropological theories of personhood to develop an analytic model of the corporation as an unstable collective subject with multiple authors, boundaries, and interests. Enacting the Corporation demonstrates that corporations are constituted through continuous struggles over relations with-and responsibilities to-local communities, workers, activists, governments, contractors, and shareholders.

Mineral industries --- Social responsibility of business --- Business --- Corporate accountability --- Corporate responsibility --- Corporate social responsibility --- Corporations --- CSR (Corporate social responsibility) --- Industries --- Social responsibility, Corporate --- Social responsibility of industry --- Business ethics --- Issues management --- Extractive industries --- Extractive industry --- Metal industries --- Mines and mining --- Mining --- Mining industry --- Mining industry and finance --- Social aspects --- Social responsibility --- Newmont Mining Corporation. --- Newmont Nusa Tenggara, PT. --- PT. Newmont Nusa Tenggara --- NNT --- Newmont Batu Hijau --- Newmont Mining (Firm) --- Newmont (Firm) --- Capitalism --- Ethnology --- #SBIB:39A4 --- #SBIB:39A76 --- Cultural anthropology --- Ethnography --- Races of man --- Social anthropology --- Anthropology --- Human beings --- Market economy --- Economics --- Profit --- Capital --- Toegepaste antropologie --- Etnografie: Oceanië --- Industries minières --- Responsabilité sociétale --- Capitalisme --- Ethnologie --- Aspect social --- E-books --- activists. --- anthropology. --- batu hijau. --- big business. --- business ethics. --- business. --- collective subject. --- copper mines. --- corporate social responsibility movement. --- corporations. --- denver. --- employer. --- environmental threat. --- gold mines. --- government and governing. --- imperialism. --- imperialist. --- indonesia. --- local communities. --- miners. --- mining. --- money and power. --- natural resource extraction industry. --- newmont mining corporation. --- ore producer. --- patron. --- personhood. --- religious sponsor. --- shareholders. --- sumbawa. --- sustainable development. --- workers.

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The National Bureau of Economic Research organized a project to explore the economic issues facing the major art museums of the United States. For this purpose NBER defined economics broadly to include not only the financial situation of the museums but also the management and growth of museum collections, the museums' relationship with the public, and the role of the government in supporting art museums. This volume brings together nontechnical essays on these issues by economists associated with the NBER and personal statements by leaders of America's major national art museums and related foundations. It can be read not only by economists but also by museum officials and trustees. Museum directors generally come to their responsibilities with a background in art history and curatorial work but without experience in thinking about the management and public policy aspects of museum administration. Trustees who serve on museum boards generally have a background in business or law but have not previously tried to apply their experience to the unusual economic problems of museums. The background papers, the panelists' remarks, and the summary of the discussion will help them to approach their responsibilities with a better understanding of the problems and possibilities of the museum.

Public economics --- Service industry --- United States --- Art museums --- Economic aspects --- AA / International- internationaal --- 339.325.6 --- 339.44 --- 7 --- 336.025 --- Culturele behoeften. --- Kunstmarkt. --- Schone kunsten - Kunst als vrijetijdsbesteding. --- Uitgaven voor onderwijs en opvoeding. --- Beaux-arts - Arts d'agrément. --- Fine arts. Art as a way of using leisure. --- 7 Schone kunsten - Kunst als vrijetijdsbesteding. --- 7 Beaux-arts - Arts d'agrément. --- 7 Fine arts. Art as a way of using leisure. --- Art and society --- Economic aspects. --- Art --- Art and sociology --- Society and art --- Sociology and art --- Art collections --- Art galleries --- Galleries, Art --- Galleries, Public art --- Picture-galleries --- Public art galleries --- Public galleries (Art museums) --- Social aspects --- Galleries and museums --- Museums --- Arts facilities --- Uitgaven voor onderwijs en opvoeding --- Culturele behoeften --- Kunstmarkt --- Schone kunsten - Kunst als vrijetijdsbesteding --- Finance --- E-books --- Art museums - Economic aspects - United States. --- artistic, artist, display, economy, economics, exhibit, collection, public, government, patron, patronage, economist, nber, america, american, national, foundation, official, trustee, director, history, historian, historical, curated, curatorial, management, policy, essays, academic, scholarly, research, college, university, textbook. --- United States of America