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Year: 2010 Publisher: Washington, D.C., The World Bank,
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Wastewater use in agriculture is a growing practice worldwide. Drivers include increasing water stress, in part due to climate change; increasing urbanization and growing wastewater flows; and more urban households engaged in agricultural activities. The problem with this trend is that in low-income countries, but also in many middle-income countries, it either involves the direct use of untreated wastewater or the indirect use of polluted waters from rivers that receive untreated urban discharges. This poses substantial risks, in particular microbial risks to public health. To address these risks, the World Health Organization in 2006 issued new guidelines for the safe use of wastewater.This paper aims to highlight the growing importance of improving wastewater use in agriculture across the spectrum from lower to high-income countries. It presents an innovative approach linking key issues related to different aspects of wastewater irrigation to a country's level of economic development. Based on data presented in the World Bank's World Development Report, it differentiates between four country income levels to create a typology for analyzing current issues, trends, and priorities for improving agricultural wastewater use with a focus on reducing the risks to public health. It also presents the basic principles of the new 2006 World Health Organization Guidelines, and how to apply them. Beyond regulatory aspects, the paper also discusses other aspects that are important for achieving a more integrated approach to agricultural wastewater use, including institutional/planning, technological, economic/financial, and social issues. Finally, the paper provides recommendations for moving the wastewater irrigation agenda forward.
Activated sludge --- Artificial groundwater --- Artificial groundwater recharge --- Biological processes --- Climate change --- Food security --- Irrigation water --- Municipal sewage --- Municipal wastewater --- Pollution --- Public health --- Rivers --- Sanitation and Sewerage --- Soil fertility --- Storm water --- Wastewater --- Wastewater management --- Wastewater reuse --- Wastewater Treatment --- Water and Industry --- Water Conservation --- Water pollution --- Water Resources --- Water supply --- Water Supply and Sanitation --- Water Supply and Systems
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The marginal productivity of water used for industry varies among sectors in China, but there is great potential for the Chinese government to save water by raising water prices to industry, to encourage water conservation. Using plant-level data on more than 1,000 Chinese industrial plants, Wang and Lall estimate a production function treating capital, labor, water, and raw material as inputs to industrial production. They then estimate the marginal productivity of water based on the estimated production function. Using the marginal productivity approach to valuing water for industrial use, they also derive a model and estimates for the price elasticity of water use by Chinese industries. Previous studies used water demand functions and total cost functions to estimate firms' willingness to pay for water use. They find that the marginal productivity of water varies among sectors in China, with an industry average of 2.5 yuan per cubic meter of water. The average price elasticity of industrial water demand is about -1.0, suggesting a great potential for the Chinese government to use pricing policies to encourage water conservation in the industrial sector. Increasing water prices would reduce water use substantially. This paper - a product of Infrastructure and Environment, Development Research Group - is part of a larger effort in the group to understand the economics of industrial pollution control in developing countries.
Economic Theory and Research --- Energy --- Energy Production and Transportation --- Environment --- Environmental Economics and Policies --- Groundwater --- Industrial Sector --- Industrial Use --- Industrial Water --- Industrial Water Demand --- Industrial Water Use --- Industry --- Infrastructure Economics and Finance --- Infrastructure Regulation --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Municipal Wastewater --- Pollution --- Production Process --- Research --- River Basins --- Rivers --- Town Water Supply and Sanitation --- Water --- Water and Industry --- Water Conservation --- Water Recycling --- Water Resources --- Water Shortage --- Water Shortages --- Water Supply --- Water Supply and Sanitation --- Water Supply and Sanitation Governance and Institutions --- Water Supply and Systems --- Water Treatment --- Water Use
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