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'한 눈에 보는 보건의료 아시아/태평양' 네번째 판인 이 보고서는 아태지역 27개국의 건강상태, 건강 결정요인, 보건의료 자원과 활용, 의료비와 재원조달, 보건의료 질에 대한 핵심지표를 제시하고 있다. 광범위한 데이터에 근거해 '한 눈에 보는 보건의료' 이전 버전에서 사용했던 형식을 바탕으로 작성된 본 보고서는 해당 27개국의 국민 건강과 보건시스템 작용에 영향을 끼치는 요소가 무엇인지 일목요연하게 보여준다. 각각의 지표는 한 눈에 알아보기 쉽게 국가별 · 연도별 흐름에 따른 변화를 설명하는 차트, 데이터가 제시하는 주요.

Basic needs --- World Health Organization.

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Ce livre est le quatrième d'une série d'ouvrages consacrés à une sélection d'organisations internationales, publiés sous l'égide de l'Institut Universitaire de Hautes Études Internationales et de la Società italiana per l'organizzazione internationale de Rome : les trois premiers titres sont L'Organisation pour l'Alimentation et l'Agriculture, Le Comité International de la Croix-Rouge et L'Organisation Internationale du Travail. Ce livre sur l'OMS est le premier ouvrage universitaire, non médical, en français, sur cette organisation mal connue. Il décrit et évalue non seulement le mandat, la structure et l'administration de l'OMS, mais également l'évolution de sa stratégie et ses principaux programmes. Il rappelle tout d'abord ses origines historiques, les conférences sanitaires internationales et les premières organisations internationales de santé publique. Sont ensuite examinés la naissance de l'OMS, ses objectifs principaux et l'évolution de sa stratégie, y compris le concept de « La santé pour tous d'ici l'An 2000 » et les critiques qui lui ont été apportées. L'évolution structurelle de l'Organisation, la composition ainsi que le fonctionnement des organes directeurs sont ensuite abordés. Les limites normatives de l'OMS sont analysées, avec l'exemple de la difficile adoption du Code international de commercialisation des substituts du lait maternel, ainsi que les relations de l'Organisation avec les ONG. Dans le cadre du rôle opérationnel de l'OMS, l'échec du Programme d'éradication du paludisme, la croisade victorieuse contre la variole et la lutte contre le SIDA et l'onchocercose sont donnés en exemple. Enfin, les questions budgétaires et financières, la coordination et la coopération avec les autres organisations, dont le PNUD, l'UNICEF, le FNUAP et les organisations humanitaires sont aussi exposées. La conclusion résume les défis auxquels l'OMS est confrontée, les critiques qui lui sont adressées et les réformes envisagées.

Hygiene. Public health. Protection --- World Health Organization --- World Health --- Public Health --- Health & Biological Sciences --- World Health Organization. --- 341.125 WHO --- AA / International- internationaal --- 341.15 --- Organisatie van de Verenigde Naties. --- Organisatie van de Verenigde Naties --- WHO. --- Wereldgezondheidsorganisatie --- World health organization --- droits humains --- santé --- politiques et pratiques du développement --- politique internationale --- OMS - Organisation mondiale de la santé

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Compulsory drug detention centers (CDDCs) are common throughout Asia. However, medical treatments for substance use disorders, such as opioid agonist treatment (OAT), are generally unavailable in these settings. In this report, the authors compare the effectiveness of CDDCs with voluntary drug treatment centers (VTCs) offering OAT in Malaysia. Positive urine drug testing (UDT) after release confirmed opioid relapse in both groups. Specifically, the authors measure the timing of relapse, that is, the authors compare when patients that have been discharged from CDDCs and VTCs relapse to opioid. The authors conducted a study on opioid dependent individuals from Malaysian CDDCs and VTCs from August 2012 to September 2014. Baseline (at the starting point of the study) and semi-monthly behavioral assessments and UDTs were conducted for up to one year after release and discharge. Relapse rates between the groups were compared using advanced statistical analysis. Screening occurred in 168 CDDC attendees and 113 VTC in-patients, with 89 (CDDC), and 95 (VTC) of these individuals, respectively, having a baseline interview and at least one UDT. The authors found that opioid-dependent persons that have been released from CDDCs relapse to opioid use significantly faster than those from VTC services. This suggests the services provided by CDDCs have little role in the treatment of opioid use disorders.

Alcohol and Substance Abuse --- Communicable Diseases --- Disease Control and Prevention --- Health Service Management and Delivery --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Public Health Promotion --- World Health Organization

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Decision makers face serious challenges in attracting health workers to rural areas, in both the developed and developing world, but while they have access to a wide range of policy options, the effectiveness of interventions is highly contingent on context. To make them more effective, decision makers need to have an in-depth understanding of, especially, the factors that influence individual workers decisions on choice of practice, particularly regarding relocation to rural areas. The current paper presents results of an empirical study conducted in Liberia and Vietnam using a discrete choice experiment (DCE). The study's aim was to predict the likelihood of health workers taking up a rural area job under alternative incentive schemes. This study is the first DCE analysis to then go the extra step of costing out the alternative packages. The analysis revealed quite different results for the two countries. The most powerful single incentive in motivating workers to practice in rural areas was increased pay in Liberia, and long-term education in Vietnam. The cost-effectiveness of incentives also varies by country. In Liberia, monetary incentives were by the most cost effective while in Vietnam it was opportunities for skills development. While the study methodology needs further enhancement, especially costing of incentive packages, the work shows that a DCE analysis can be a powerful tool in informing the design of rural area incentive schemes in developing countries.

Decision Making --- Developing Countries --- Doctors --- Drugs --- Employment --- Gender --- Health Monitoring & Evaluation --- Health Policy --- Health Systems Development & Reform --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Hospitals --- Housing --- Housing & Human Habitats --- Human Resources --- Immunizations --- Labor Market --- Marketing --- Medical Education --- Midwives --- Nongovernmental Organizations --- Nurses --- Nutrition --- Physicians --- Purchasing Power --- Rural Development --- Rural Labor Markets --- Urban Areas --- Workers --- World Health Organization

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January 2000 - Lower child mortality is associated with improved access to urban potable water and sewerage connections, government involvement in the provision of local water services, and private or parastatal participation in the provision of sewerage connections. Using a city-level database of Global Urban Indicators, Shi finds that: Improved access to urban potable water and sewerage connections is consistently associated with low child mortality; Government involvement in providing water services, especially locally, significantly reduces child mortality; Private or parastatal participation in providing sewerage connections is associated with low child mortality; Rapid urban growth and high levels of poverty within the city are correlated with high child mortality. This paper - a product of Finance, Development Research Group - is part of a larger effort in the group to study the relationship between finance and poverty reduction. The author may be contacted at ashi@worldbank.org.

Child Mortality --- City Development Strategies --- City Population --- Communities & Human Settlements --- Developing Countries --- Diseases --- Drinking Water --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Human Settlements --- Infant --- Infant Deaths --- Live Births --- Mortality Differentials --- Nutrition --- Policy --- Poor People --- Population Policies --- Poverty --- Rural Areas --- Sanitation --- Town Water Supply and Sanitation --- Urban Areas --- Urban Development --- Urban Population --- Urban Population Growth --- Urban Water Supply and Sanitation --- Water Supply and Sanitation --- World Health Organization