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This paper identifies endogenous social effects in mathematics test performance for eighth graders in rural Bangladesh using information on arsenic contamination of water wells at home as an instrument. In other words, the identification relies on variation in test scores among peers owing to exogenous exposure to arsenic contaminated water wells at home. The results suggest that the peer effect is significant, and school selection plays little role in biasing peer effects estimates.

Business School --- Education --- Education for All --- Education sector --- Effective Schools and Teachers --- Graduation rate --- Human Development --- Industry --- Learning --- Learning outcomes --- Literature --- Papers --- Primary Education --- School quality --- Student Achievement --- Tertiary Education --- Water and Industry --- Water Resources

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This paper compiles project-level data from the World Bank's lending history to describe patterns and the composition of its portfolio. The paper focuses particularly on the effect of countries' transition from International Development Association to International Bank for Reconstruction and Development status, which marks the point when countries start borrowing at near market rates, on lending for human development sectors (education, health and social protection). Using country and year fixed effects, which account for unobservable country characteristics (for example, national priorities) and time effects (for example, market interest rates), the paper finds that human development lending decreases when countries graduate from the International Development Association. The average difference in the binary indicator of lending for any sector is 27 percent while it is 60 percent for human development sectors. The share of human development lending (lending by human development Global Practices over total lending) is also 6.9 percentage points (30 percent) lower. This decline in human development lending in International Bank for Reconstruction and Development countries is accompanied by a greater use of budget support. The results are robust to controlling for non-World Bank aid, as well as various alternative specifications and estimation samples.

Aid Allocation --- Education --- Educational Sciences --- Financial Crisis Management and Restructuring --- Health Care Services Industry --- Human Development --- IDA Graduation --- Industry --- Portfolio --- Social Protections and Assistance --- Social Protections and Labor --- World Bank Lending --- World Bank Portfolio

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America's expansion to one of the richest nations in the world was partly due to a steady increase in labor productivity, which in turn depends upon the invention and deployment of new technologies and on investments in both human and physical capital. The accumulation of human capital-the knowledge and skill of workers-has featured prominently in American economic leadership over the past two centuries. Human Capital in History brings together contributions from leading researchers in economic history, labor economics, the economics of education, and related fields. Building on Claudia Goldin's landmark research on the labor history of the United States, the authors consider the roles of education and technology in contributing to American economic growth and well-being, the experience of women in the workforce, and how trends in marriage and family affected broader economic outcomes. The volume provides important new insights on the forces that affect the accumulation of human capital.

Human capital --- Labor supply --- Labor force --- Labor force participation --- Labor pool --- Work force --- Workforce --- Labor market --- Labor mobility --- Manpower --- Manpower policy --- History. --- History --- E-books --- Human capital - United States --- Labor supply - United States - History --- expansion, labor, economics, finance, money, research, academic, scholarly, analysis, textbook, college, university, wealth, inventions, technology, leadership, modern, contemporary, history, historical, workforce, workers, women, marriage, gender, equality, equity, inequality, social justice, society, education, skilled, unskilled, jobs, high school, graduation, elementary, secondary, immigration, immigrant, assimilation, health, income, class, classism, earnings.

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Mathematical statistics --- Smoothing (Statistics) --- Statistique mathématique --- Lissage (Statistique) --- Data processing --- Informatique --- 519.246 --- -Smoothing (Statistics) --- AA / International- internationaal --- 303.0 --- Curve fitting --- Graduation (Statistics) --- Roundoff errors --- Statistics --- Mathematics --- Statistical inference --- Statistics, Mathematical --- Probabilities --- Sampling (Statistics) --- Statistics of stochastic processes. Estimation of stochastic processes. Hypothesis testing. Statistics of point processes. Time series analysis. Auto-correlation. Regression --- Statistische technieken in econometrie. Wiskundige statistiek (algemene werken en handboeken). --- Statistical methods --- Data processing. --- Smoothing (Statistics). --- 519.246 Statistics of stochastic processes. Estimation of stochastic processes. Hypothesis testing. Statistics of point processes. Time series analysis. Auto-correlation. Regression --- Statistique mathématique --- Statistische technieken in econometrie. Wiskundige statistiek (algemene werken en handboeken) --- Statistique non paramétrique --- Mathematical statistics - Data processing

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This paper develops and estimates an equilibrium model of charter school entry and school choice. In the model, households choose among public, private, and charter schools, and a regulator authorizes charter entry and mandates charter exit. The model is estimated for Washington, D.C. According to the estimates, charters generate net social gains by providing additional school options, and they benefit non-white, low-income, and middle-school students the most. Further, policies that raise the supply of prospective charter entrants in combination with high authorization standards enhance social welfare.

Academic achievement --- Academic performance --- Academic programs --- Academic viability --- Academic year --- Achievement data --- Alternative schools --- Average class size --- Average number of children --- Black students --- Board of education --- Catholic schools --- Class size --- Classroom --- College --- Comprehensive assessment --- Cultural policy --- Culture & development --- Curricula --- Curriculum --- Early childhood --- Economics of education --- Educated parents --- Education --- Education for all --- Education reform --- Education statistics --- Education students --- Educational attainment --- Educational costs --- Effective schools --- Elementary school --- Elementary schools --- Enrollment by grade --- Enrollment data --- Ethnic composition --- Faculty --- Faculty development --- Fees --- Formula funding --- Geographic distribution --- Graduation rate --- Graduation rates --- High school --- High schools --- Knowledge --- Language curriculum --- Learning --- Literature --- Low enrollments --- Low-income students --- Middle school --- Middle school students --- Middle schools --- Ministry of education --- Net social gain --- Number of schools --- Number of students --- Open access --- Papers --- Parental income --- Partnerships in education --- Primary education --- Private school --- Private schools --- Public school --- Public school system --- Public schools --- Pupil funding --- Quality schools --- Racial segregation --- Reading --- Regular schools --- Research --- Research report --- Researchers --- School --- School attendance --- School buildings --- School climate --- School cost --- School costs --- School data --- School day --- School district --- School effectiveness --- School enrollment --- School enrolment --- School entry --- School experience --- School funding --- School leaders --- School level --- School levels --- School location --- School performance --- School principals --- School quality --- School reform --- School students --- School supply --- School survey --- School system --- School tuition --- School year --- School-age --- School-age children --- School-age population --- School-year --- Schooling --- Schools --- Science --- Secondary education --- Social science --- Social welfare --- Special education --- Student --- Student achievement --- Student body --- Student choice --- Student costs --- Student demand --- Student group --- Student groups --- Student population --- Students --- Teacher --- Teachers --- Teaching --- Teaching methods --- Tertiary education --- Tuition --- University --- Urban school --- Urban schools --- Values --- Vocational schools