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"Aggregate fluctuations in emerging countries are quantitatively larger and qualitatively different in key respects from those in developed countries. Using data from Mexico and Canada, this paper decomposes these differences in terms of shocks to aggregate efficiency and shocks that distort the decisions of households about how much to invest, consume, and work in a standard model of a small open economy. The decomposition exercise suggests that most of these differences are explained by fluctuations in aggregate efficiency, distortions in labor decisions over the business cycle, and, most importantly, fluctuations in country risk. Other distortions are quantitatively less important. "--World Bank web site.

Business cycles

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Over the period 2019-21, Albania had to confront dual shocks: the 2019 earthquake and the COVID-19 pandemic. Both had sizable impacts on the country's economy. The COVID-19 pandemic took a heavy toll on an economy already affected by the earthquake in 2019. Key sectors were put in lockdown in the second quarter of 2020, and the economy suffered a severe contraction of -10.6 percent in gross domestic product (GDP). The pandemic hit the travel, tourism, and other services sectors first; then mobility restrictions and post-COVID-19 behavior changes affected firms' supply and demand. Given the structure of the economy, the associated loss in sales and profits had a disproportionate effect on small and medium enterprises.

Business cycles

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Business cycles

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Business cycles

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Business cycles --- Economic policy