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Forecasting macroeconomic variables is key to developing a view on a country's economic outlook. Most traditional forecasting models rely on fitting data to a pre-specified relationship between input and output variables, thereby assuming a specific functional and stochastic process underlying that process. We pursue a new approach to forecasting by employing a number of machine learning algorithms, a method that is data driven, and imposing limited restrictions on the nature of the true relationship between input and output variables. We apply the Elastic Net, SuperLearner, and Recurring Neural Network algorithms on macro data of seven, broadly representative, advanced and emerging economies and find that these algorithms can outperform traditional statistical models, thereby offering a relevant addition to the field of economic forecasting.
Forecasting --- Intelligence (AI) & Semantics --- Forecasting and Other Model Applications --- Neural Networks and Related Topics --- Technological Change: Choices and Consequences --- Diffusion Processes --- Machine learning --- Economic Forecasting --- Artificial intelligence --- Economic forecasting --- Technology --- United States
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We study the process of external adjustment to large terms-of-trade level shifts—identified with a Markov-switching approach—for a large set of countries during the period 1960–2015. We find that adjustment to these shocks is relatively fast. Current accounts experience, on average, a contemporaneous variation of only about ½ of the magnitude of the price shock—indicating a significant volume offset—and a full adjustment within 3–4 years. Dynamics are largely symmetric for terms-of-trade booms and busts, as well as for advanced and emerging market economies. External adjustment is driven primarily by offsetting shifts in domestic demand, as opposed to variations in output (also reflected in the response of import rather than export volumes), indicating a strong income channel at play. Exchange rate flexibility appears to have played an important buffering role during booms, but less so during busts; while international reserve holdings have been a key tool for smoothing the adjustment process.
Business cycles --- Business cycles. --- Economic cycles --- Economic fluctuations --- Cycles --- Econometric models. --- Exports and Imports --- Foreign Exchange --- Information Management --- Current Account Adjustment --- Short-term Capital Movements --- Open Economy Macroeconomics --- International Business Cycles --- Technological Change: Choices and Consequences --- Diffusion Processes --- Knowledge management --- International economics --- Currency --- Foreign exchange --- Technology transfer --- Current account --- Exchange rate arrangements --- Adjustment process --- Exchange rate flexibility --- Technology --- Balance of payments --- United States
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This paper presents a methodology to estimate equilibrium real exchange rates (ERER) for Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries using both single-country and panel estimation techniques. The limited data set hinders single-country estimation for most countries in the sample, but panel estimates are statistically and economically significant, and generally robust to different estimation techniques. The results replicate well the historical experience for a number of countries in the sample. Panel techniques can also be used to derive out of sample estimates for countries with a more limited data set.
Econometrics --- Exports and Imports --- Foreign Exchange --- Macroeconomics --- Information Management --- Estimation --- Macroeconomics: Consumption --- Saving --- Wealth --- Technological Change: Choices and Consequences --- Diffusion Processes --- Empirical Studies of Trade --- Currency --- Foreign exchange --- Econometrics & economic statistics --- Knowledge management --- International economics --- Real exchange rates --- Estimation techniques --- Government consumption --- Technology transfer --- Terms of trade --- Econometric models --- Consumption --- Economics --- Economic policy --- nternational cooperation --- Burkina Faso
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Research shows that international trade is an important channel for the transfer of technology. Building on this evidence, this paper examines the effects of inter- and intraindustry trade on technology transfer. The paper develops and tests the hypothesis that intraindustry trade stimulates more technology transfer than interindustry trade because countries are likely to absorb foreign technologies more easily when their imports are from the same sectors as their production and export sectors. The results of empirical tests for 87 countries during 1970–93 support this hypothesis.
Exports and Imports --- Information Management --- Production and Operations Management --- Empirical Studies of Trade --- Production --- Cost --- Capital and Total Factor Productivity --- Capacity --- Trade: General --- Technological Change: Choices and Consequences --- Diffusion Processes --- Innovation --- Research and Development --- Technological Change --- Intellectual Property Rights: General --- Macroeconomics --- International economics --- Knowledge management --- Technology --- general issues --- Total factor productivity --- Imports --- Technology transfer --- Exports --- International trade --- Industrial productivity --- Malta
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This work presents a new technique for temporally benchmarking a time series according to the growth rates preservation principle (GRP) by Causey and Trager (1981). A procedure is developed which (i) transforms the original constrained problem into an unconstrained one, and (ii) applies a Newton's method exploiting the analytic Hessian of the GRP objective function. We show that the proposed technique is easy to implement, computationally robust and efficient, all features which make it a plausible competitor of other benchmarking procedures (Denton, 1971; Dagum and Cholette, 2006) also in a data-production process involving a considerable amount of series.
Time-series analysis. --- Analysis of time series --- Autocorrelation (Statistics) --- Harmonic analysis --- Mathematical statistics --- Probabilities --- Intelligence (AI) & Semantics --- Time-Series Models --- Dynamic Quantile Regressions --- Dynamic Treatment Effect Models --- Diffusion Processes --- Optimization Techniques --- Programming Models --- Dynamic Analysis --- Methodology for Collecting, Estimating, and Organizing Macroeconomic Data --- Data Access --- Technological Change: Choices and Consequences --- Artificial intelligence --- Technology --- United States
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Macroeconomic analysis in Lebanon presents a distinct challenge. For example, long delays in the publication of GDP data mean that our analysis often relies on proxy variables, and resembles an extended version of the “nowcasting” challenge familiar to many central banks. Addressing this problem—and mindful of the pitfalls of extracting information from a large number of correlated proxies—we explore some recent techniques from the machine learning literature. We focus on two popular techniques (Elastic Net regression and Random Forests) and provide an estimation procedure that is intuitively familiar and well suited to the challenging features of Lebanon’s data.
Macroeconomics --- Intelligence (AI) & Semantics --- Forecasting --- Simulation Methods --- Statistical Decision Theory --- Operations Research --- Model Evaluation and Selection --- Forecasting and Other Model Applications --- Computational Techniques --- Technological Change: Choices and Consequences --- Diffusion Processes --- Prices, Business Fluctuations, and Cycles: General (includes Measurement and Data) --- Machine learning --- Economic growth --- Economic Forecasting --- Cyclical indicators --- Technology --- Economic forecasting --- Business cycles --- Lebanon
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This paper aims to estimate the global aggregate of disaster impacts during 1960 to 2007 using Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) methodology. The authors selected 184 major disasters in terms of the size of economic damages, based on the data available from the International Emergency Disasters and MunichRe (NatCat) databases for natural catastrophes. They estimate the losses and total impacts including the higher-order effects of these disasters using social accounting matrices constructed for this study. Although the aggregate damages based on the data amount to USD 742 billion, the aggregate losses and total impacts are estimated at USD 360 billion and USD 678 billion, respectively. The results show a growing trend of economic impacts over time in absolute value. However, once the data and estimates are normalized using global gross domestic product, the historical trend of total impacts becomes statistically insignificant. The visual observation confirms the inverted 'U' curve distribution between total impact and income level, while statistical analyses indicate negative linear relationships between them for climatological, geophysical, and especially hydrological events.
Catastrophic consequences --- Conflict and Development --- Disaster --- Disaster community --- Disaster Management --- Disaster reduction --- Disaster risk --- Disaster risk reduction --- Disasters --- Documents --- Drought --- Droughts --- Earthquake --- Earthquakes --- Economic Theory and Research --- Environment --- Floods --- Hazard Risk Management --- Hurricane --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Natural catastrophes --- Natural disaster --- Natural Disasters --- Natural hazards --- Reconstruction --- Urban Development --- Volcano
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Two of the most salient trends surrounding the issue of migration and development over the past two decades are the large rise in remittances, and an increased flow of skilled migration. However, recent literature based on cross-country regressions has claimed that more educated migrants remit less, leading to concerns that further increases in skilled migration will hamper remittance growth. This paper revisits the relationship between education and remitting behavior using microdata from surveys of immigrants in 11 major destination countries. The data show a mixed pattern between education and the likelihood of remitting, and a strong positive relationship between education and the amount remitted conditional on remitting. Combining these intensive and extensive margins gives an overall positive effect of education on the amount remitted. The microdata then allow investigation as to why the more educated remit more. The analysis finds that the higher income earned by migrants, rather than characteristics of their family situations, explains much of the higher remittances.
Brain Drain --- Consequences of migration --- Developing countries --- Educated Migrants --- Family members --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Illegal migrants --- Immigrant --- Immigrants --- Immigration --- Immigration policies --- Impact of education --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Migration --- Policy Research --- Population Policies --- Progress --- Remittance --- Remittances --- Skill level --- Skilled migrants --- Social Development --- Tertiary education
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This paper examines fiscal outcomes in Eastern and Central European countries before and during the global crisis of 2008-2010. These outcomes are evaluated in the context of overall changes in fiscal institutions and global market conditions. Eastern and Central European countries' situations improved dramatically in the pre-crisis period as tax revenues boomed, and fiscal institutions were reformed. Expenditures increased quite significantly in real terms for some of the countries in the pre-crisis era so that when tax revenues collapsed in the wake of the crisis, the countries were left with large deficits. Institutional reform helped countries manage their fiscal situations better, but the crisis also exposed shortcomings of the status quo. In the post-crisis period, fiscal institutions aimed at promoting fiscal discipline are being strengthened. Governments will also need to take a closer look at the sustainability of current expenditure patterns, particularly the strong emphasis on social expenditures.
Central government --- Debt Markets --- Expenditure --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Financial crisis --- Fiscal Adjustment --- Fiscal consequences --- Fiscal deficit --- Fiscal Institutions --- Fiscal system --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Market economy --- Public Sector Development --- Public Sector Economics --- Public Sector Expenditure Policy --- Social expenditures --- Subnational Economic Development --- Tax revenues
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The decision of whether or not to migrate has far-reaching consequences for the lives of individuals and their families. But the very nature of this choice makes identifying the impacts of migration difficult, since it is hard to measure a credible counterfactual of what the person and their household would have been doing had migration not occurred. Migration experiments provide a clear and credible way for identifying this counterfactual, and thereby allowing causal estimation of the impacts of migration. The authors provide an overview and critical review of the three strands of this approach: policy experiments, natural experiments, and researcher-led field experiments. The purpose is to introduce readers to the need for this approach, give examples of where it has been applied in practice, and draw out lessons for future work in this area.
Access to Finance --- Anthropology --- Consequences of migration --- Culture and Development --- Debt Markets --- Family members --- Family ties --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Immigration --- Impact of migration --- Job opportunities --- Labor supply --- Language proficiency --- Lives of individuals --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Mental health --- Migrant --- Migrants --- Migration --- Policy research --- Policy research working paper --- Population Policies --- Progress --- Remittance --- Remittances --- Return migration --- Sex
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