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Building on recent analyses that find a sizeable overall gender wage gap in Azerbaijan's workforce, this paper uses data on young workers in their early years in the labor market to understand how gender wage gaps evolve over time, if at all. The paper uses a unique database from a survey of young people ages 15-29 years. The analysis provides evidence that new labor market entrants begin with little or no gender differences in earnings, but a wage gap gradually emerges over time closer to the childbearing years. The gender wage gap grows from virtually zero, or even a small, positive gap in favor of women, until age 20 years, to about 20 percent two years later and even more than 30 percent at age 29 years. The gap in labor supply rises from almost zero to about 20 percent during the years from 19 to 22, while the gap in hours worked falls from positive (up to six hours per week more than their male counterparts) to negative (up to five hours per week less) over the same period in the life cycle. When decomposing the gap at different deciles of the wage distribution, it appears that most of it is at the lower and upper ends of the distribution, among young adults and prime-age workers. Selection of women into employment is strong and strongly skill-based: when controlling for sample selection bias, the gender gap becomes positive.

Decomposition Analysis --- Early Labor Market Outcomes --- Earnings Equations --- Gender Wage Gap and Dynamics --- School-To-Work Transitions

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This paper quantifies the magnitude of transitions across occupational categories in Colombia, a country with high unemployment and informality but quickly increasing its social security coverage for health. The analysis makes use of a panel of households between 2008 and 2009, representative of the main metropolitan areas in the country. Results confirm previous evidence found in Colombia and elsewhere in the region that transitions between occupations are large and asymmetric: they are disproportionally more likely to happen from formal to informal occupations than vice versa. The paper finds for the first time that such transitions are also different for salaried workers compared with the self-employed, as well as by poverty status of the worker. Salaried workers are more likely to transition first into other salaried jobs, while self-employed are more likely to transition into unemployment or out of the labor force. There are marked differences in the profiles of transitioning and non-transitioning workers, both in terms of socioeconomic characteristics and social security coverage. Causal analysis shows that affiliation to social security on health deters occupational transitions, while pension insurance does not. Hence, high-volume transitions may not be crisis-specific phenomena, but rather associated with contributive and non-contributive social security mechanisms that incentivize informality, and workers' preferences for informal jobs. The debate on labor market and social security reforms needs to take these features of transitions into account.

Asymmetries --- Communities & Human Settlements --- Crisis --- Informality --- Labor Market --- Labor Markets --- Labor Policies --- Labor Standards --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Population Policies --- Poverty Reduction --- Transitions --- Work & Working Conditions --- Colombia

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Multidimensional measures of poverty have become standard as complementary indicators of poverty in many countries. Multidimensional poverty calculations typically comprise three indices: the multidimensional headcount, the average deprivation share among the poor, and the adjusted headcount ratio. While several decomposition methodologies are available for the last index, less attention has been paid to decomposing the multidimensional headcount, despite the attention it receives from policy makers. This paper proposes an application of existing methodologies that decompose welfare aggregates-based on counterfactual simulations-to break up the changes of the multidimensional poverty headcount into the variation attributed to each of its dimensions. This paper examines the potential issues of using counterfactual simulations in this framework, proposes approaches to assess these issues in real applications, and suggests a methodology based on rank preservation within strata, which performs positively in simulations. The methodology is applied in the context of the recent reduction of multidimensional poverty in Colombia, finding that the dimensions associated with education and health are the main drivers behind the poverty decline.

Decomposition and non parametric methods --- Health monitoring & evaluation --- Health systems development & reform --- Health, nutrition and population --- Multidimensional poverty --- Poverty monitoring & analysis --- Poverty reduction --- Poverty transitions --- Rural poverty reduction --- Services & transfers to poor --- Shapley value

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This paper explains the IMF's impact on economic policies in Russia, focusing on where the IMF made a difference. The Russian economic and political leadership essentially determined economic policies. The IMF's influence was modest: it had only a limited impact on overall fiscal policy and the major structural reforms, but it had a positive impact on monetary policy. A tougher position on fiscal policy in 1996-98 might have produced a better outcome. The G-7's concerns weakened the IMF. However, the IMF played a major role in transferring knowledge about macroeconomic policymaking and implementation.

International Monetary Fund. --- Internationaal monetair fonds --- International monetary fund --- Russia (Federation) --- Economic policy. --- Banks and Banking --- Macroeconomics --- Public Finance --- Macroeconomic Policy, Macroeconomic Aspects of Public Finance, and General Outlook: General --- Fiscal Policy --- Socialist Systems and Transitional Economies: General --- Socialist Institutions and Their Transitions: Financial Economics --- Socialist Institutions and Their Transitions: Public Economics --- International Lending and Debt Problems --- Debt --- Debt Management --- Sovereign Debt --- Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue: General --- Institutions and the Macroeconomy --- Public finance & taxation --- Banking --- Fiscal policy --- Correspondent banking --- Government debt management --- Revenue administration --- Structural reforms --- Financial services --- Public financial management (PFM) --- Macrostructural analysis --- Correspondent banks --- Debts, Public --- Revenue --- Russian Federation

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Cities and towns --- Metropolitan areas --- Inner cities --- Urban renewal --- Model cities --- Renewal, Urban --- Urban redevelopment --- Urban renewal projects --- City planning --- Land use, Urban --- Urban policy --- Central cities --- Ghettos, Inner city --- Inner city ghettos --- Inner city problems --- Zones of transitions --- Urban cores --- Conurbations --- MAs (Metropolitan areas) --- Metropolitan statistical areas --- Urban areas --- Global cities --- Municipalities --- Towns --- Urban systems --- Human settlements --- Sociology, Urban --- Growth --- E-books --- Growth.