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Adolescents in Sub-Saharan Africa have some of the highest rates of intimate partner violence across the globe. This paper evaluates the impact of a randomized controlled trial that offers females a goal setting activity to improve their sexual and reproductive health outcomes and offers their male partners a soccer intervention, which educates and inspires young men to make better sexual and reproductive health choices. Both interventions reduce female reports of intimate partner violence. Impacts are larger among females who were already sexually active at baseline. The paper develops a game theoretic model to understand the mechanisms at play. In line with the model, the soccer intervention improves male attitudes around violence and sexual and reproductive health and reduces sexual activity. In the goal setting arm, females take more control of their sexual and reproductive health by exiting violent relationships. Females in this arm have higher quality partners at endline.

Reproductive health. --- Sex differences. --- Adolescence --- Sexual behavior. --- Africa, Sub-Saharan --- Social conditions.

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An extensive multi-disciplinary literature examines the effects of learning one's HIV status on subsequent risky sexual behaviors. However, many of these studies rely on non-experimental designs; use self-reported outcome measures, or both. This study investigates the effects of a randomly assigned home based HIV testing and counseling (HTC) intervention on risky sexual behaviors and schooling investments among school-age females in Malawi. The study finds no overall effects on HIV, Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV-2), or achievement test scores at follow-up. However, among the small group of individuals who tested positive for HIV, a large increase in the probability of contracting HSV-2 is found, with this effect stronger among those surprised by their test results. Similarly, those surprised by HIV-negative test results see a significant improvement in achievement test scores, consistent with increased returns to investments in human capital. The finding of increased HSV-2 prevalence among HIV-positive individuals suggests that the conventional wisdom that those who learn they are HIV-positive will adopt safer sexual practices should be treated with caution.

Disease Control & Prevention --- Gender --- Gender & Health --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- HIV Prevention --- HTC --- Information --- Population Policies --- Private Sector Development --- Risky Sexual Behavior

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Incentive-based policies have been shown to be powerful in many areas of behavior, but have rarely been tested in the sexual domain. The Rewarding Sexually Transmitted Infection Prevention and Control in Tanzania (RESPECT) study is a randomized controlled trial testing the hypothesis that a system of rapid feedback and positive reinforcement that uses cash as the primary incentive can be used to reduce risky sexual activity among young people, male and female, who are at high risk of HIV infection. The study enrolled 2,399 participants in 10 villages in rural southwest Tanzania. The intervention arm received conditional cash transfers that depended on negative results of periodic screenings for sexually transmitted infections, an objectively measured marker for risky sexual behavior. The intervention arm was further divided into two subgroups, one receiving a high value payment of up to USD 60 over the course of the study (USD 20 payments every four months) and the other receiving a lower value payment of up to USD 30 (USD 10 payments every four months). At the end of the one year of intervention, the results showed a significant reduction in sexually transmitted infections in the group that was eligible for the USD 20 payments every four months, but no such reduction was found for the group receiving the USD 10 payments. The effects were stronger among the lower socioeconomic and higher risks groups. The results of a post-intervention follow-up survey conducted one year after discontinuing the intervention indicate a sustained effect among males, but not among females.

Adolescent Health --- Conditional Cash Transfers --- Gender --- Gender & Health --- Health Monitoring & Evaluation --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Hiv Infection --- Population Policies --- Safe Sex --- Sexual Behavior --- Sexually Transmitted Infections

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Zonder onderwerpscode: wereldeconomie, ontwikkelingsproblematiek --- Sexual behavior surveys --- Truck drivers --- AIDS (Disease) --- HIV infections --- HIV (Viruses) infections --- HTLV-III infections --- HTLV-III-LAV infections --- Human T-lymphotropic virus III infections --- Lentivirus infections --- Sexually transmitted diseases --- Acquired immune deficiency syndrome --- Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome --- Acquired immunological deficiency syndrome --- Immunological deficiency syndromes --- Virus-induced immunosuppression --- Drivers, Truck --- Motor-truck drivers --- Truckers --- Highway transport workers --- Motor vehicle drivers --- Sex behavior surveys --- Sex surveys --- Social surveys --- Sexual behavior

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Recent evidence suggests that conditional cash transfer programs for schooling are effective in raising school enrollment and attendance. However, there is also reason to believe that such programs can affect other outcomes, such as the sexual behavior of their young beneficiaries. Zomba Cash Transfer Program is a randomized, ongoing conditional cash transfer intervention targeting young women in Malawi that provides incentives (in the form of school fees and cash transfers) to current schoolgirls and recent dropouts to stay in or return to school. An average offer of USD 10/month conditional on satisfactory school attendance - plus direct payment of secondary school fees - led to significant declines in early marriage, teenage pregnancy, and self-reported sexual activity among program beneficiaries after just one year of program implementation. For program beneficiaries who were out of school at baseline, the probability of getting married and becoming pregnant declined by more than 40 percent and 30 percent, respectively. In addition, the incidence of the onset of sexual activity was 38 percent lower among all program beneficiaries than the control group. Overall, these results suggest that conditional cash transfer programs not only serve as useful tools for improving school attendance, but may also reduce sexual activity, teen pregnancy, and early marriage.

Adolescent Health --- Developing countries --- Dissemination --- Early marriage --- Education --- Education for All --- Fertility --- Global Development --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- HIV --- HIV infection --- Labor market --- Policy Research --- Population Policies --- School attendance --- Secondary school --- Sexual activity --- Sexual Behavior --- Teen --- Teen pregnancy --- Teenage pregnancy --- Young people --- Young Women