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Preferential trading arrangements (PTAs) play an increasingly prominent role in the global political economy, two notable examples being the European Union and the North American Free Trade Agreement. These agreements foster economic integration among member states by enhancing their access to one another's markets. Yet despite the importance of PTAs to international trade and world politics, until now little attention has been focused on why governments choose to join them and how governments design them. This book offers valuable new insights into the political economy of PTA formation. Many economists have argued that the roots of these agreements lie in the promise they hold for improving the welfare of member states. Others have posited that trade agreements are a response to global political conditions. Edward Mansfield and Helen Milner argue that domestic politics provide a crucial impetus to the decision by governments to enter trade pacts. Drawing on this argument, they explain why democracies are more likely to enter PTAs than nondemocratic regimes, and why as the number of veto players--interest groups with the power to block policy change--increases in a prospective member state, the likelihood of the state entering a trade agreement is reduced. The book provides a novel view of the political foundations of trade agreements.
Commercial treaties. --- International trade. --- External trade --- Foreign commerce --- Foreign trade --- Global commerce --- Global trade --- Trade, International --- World trade --- Trade agreements (Commerce) --- Commerce --- International economic relations --- Non-traded goods --- Competition, International --- Foreign trade regulation --- Treaties --- Reciprocity (Commerce) --- Commercial treaties --- International trade --- E-books --- Foreign trade policy --- European Union. --- North American Free Trade Agreement. --- balance of power. --- domestic political conditions. --- domestic politics. --- economic integration. --- global business cycle. --- global political economy. --- hegemony. --- international relations. --- international trade agreements. --- international trade. --- political economy. --- preferential market access. --- preferential trading arrangements. --- ratification. --- regime type. --- strategic interaction. --- trade barriers. --- trade relations. --- veto players.
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June 2000 - Members of the World Trade Organization have decided provisionally to exempt electronic delivery of products from customs duties. There is growing support for the decision to be made permanent. Is this desirable? Some countries in the World Trade Organization initially opposed WTO's decision to exempt electronic delivery of products from customs duties, out of concern for the revenue consequences. Others supported the decision as a means of securing open trading conditions. Mattoo and Schuknecht argue that neither the inhibitions nor the enthusiasm are fully justified. First, even if all delivery of digitizable media products moved online - an unlikely prospect - the revenue loss for most countries would be small. More important, however, the prohibition of customs duties does not ensure continued open access for electronically delivered products and may even prompt recourse to inferior instruments of protection. Barrier-free electronic commerce would be more effectively secured by deepening and widening the limited cross-border trade commitments under the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) and by clarifying and strengthening certain GATS disciplines. This paper-a product of Trade, Development Research Group-is part of a larger effort in the group to improve trade policy for goods and services. It is part of a larger project on trade in services supported in part by the United Kingdom's Department for International Development. Aaditya Mattoo may be contacted at amattoo@worldbank.org.
Commodities --- Cross-Border Trade --- Customs --- Customs Duties --- Debt Markets --- E-Business --- Economic Theory and Research --- Electronic Commerce --- Emerging Markets --- European Union --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Financial Services --- Free Trade --- Importing Country --- International Economics & Trade --- International Trade --- Law and Development --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Market Access --- National Treatment --- Preferential Trading Arrangements --- Preferential Treatment --- Private Sector Development --- Public Sector Development --- Recourse --- Tariff Reductions --- Trade --- Trade and Services --- Trade Diversion --- Trade Law --- Trade Policies --- Trade Policy --- Trade Regime --- Transport --- Transport and Trade Logistics --- World Trade Organization
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