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Alors que les plastiques sont des matériaux extrêmement utiles, la production de plastiques et la production de déchets continuent d'augmenter avec une aggravation des impacts environnementaux, malgré les réponses des politiques internationales, nationales et locales, ainsi que les engagements du secteur de l'industrie. Le premier de deux rapports, ces Perspectives visent à informer et à soutenir les efforts politiques pour lutter contre les rejets de plastique.

Plastics. --- Plastics industry and trade.

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Aims to support policy makers in their efforts to address plastic pollution. By examining the economic and financial implications of plastic management, the report provides key recommendations on how to create a comprehensive approach to addressing plastic pollution and to help policy makers make informed decisions for plastic pollution management. The report brings together new evidence from three analytical undertakings: -- Tackling Plastic Pollution: Toward Experience-Based Policy Guidance (a review of existing literature and a summary of findings from the ex post analysis of the effectiveness of plastics policies in 10 countries and states and an evidence-based policy guidance aimed at policy makers and stakeholders involved in design, implementation, and evaluation of policies to manage plastic pollution) -- The Plastic Substitution Tradeoff Estimator (an innovative model that estimates the external costs of 10 plastic products and their alternatives along their entire life cycle, developed and piloted in five countries. The Estimator can be applied in any country to identify what substitution materials, or what combination of them, would perform best in a given scenario and to examine tradeoffs between plastics and alternatives to help establish targets for reduction and substitution) -- The Plastic Policy Simulator (PPS) (a country-level, data-driven model for policy analysis to better describe the impacts of different policy instruments and policy packages on individual economic agents and on the plastic value chain at large. The PPS has been developed as a universal model and piloted in Indonesia. Its objective is to support policy makers and others in government, industry, and civil society in search of policy solutions to stem the flow of plastics by bringing an evidence-based approach to policy).

Plastics --- Plastic scrap. --- Environmental aspects.

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Plastic is indispensable to modern life, so ubiquitous that it is virtually invisible. In many ways, it is an ideal material. Invented in the mid-19th century, plastic is remarkably versatile and relatively cheap to make, and it can be used as an inexpensive substitute for wood, glass, metal, and many other building and manufacturing materials. They play a vital role in driving industrial development, creating jobs, expanding opportunities, and generating wealth to improve people's lives. But as the use of plastic has increased, so too have the environmental and social costs. The production process uses petrochemicals as a raw material and generates greenhouse gas emissions. Perhaps the biggest cost is the waste generated by discarded plastic goods. Most of the common plastics of today are not fully biodegradable, and that has created a cascade of environmental, financial, and health problems around the world. Every year, eight million tons of discarded plastics make their way into the oceans. With enhanced recycling systems and better cooperation among industry, governments, and consumers, these plastics can be readily collected, reused, and turned into something of value. In the past dozen years, the plastics industry has been urged to rethink the material's entire lifecycle by developing manufacturing processes that use fewer natural resources, emit With support from the International Finance Corporation (IFC) and the private sector, the industry is embracing initiatives and investing in novel technologies that can reduce plastic's environmental footprint and provide broad economic benefits while meeting the growing demand for products made of plastic.

Sustainable development. --- Plastics. --- Recycling (Waste, etc.)

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The perennial presence of plastic waste in the Indus River and its tributaries is a recent addition to the already extensive list of threats to water quality, ecological health, and environmental sustainability in Pakistan. While there is some information available, although insufficient, both on surface water resources as well as on solid waste management (SWM) in Pakistan, the intersection of the two remains grossly under-studied in research circles and underrepresented on policy forums. This study delineates the interface between land based plastic waste and the Indus River system with the objective of raising plastics-in-rivers as a major policy and developmental issue, and providing a starting point for researchers, policy makers, and development and environmental professionals to expand the agenda of SWM to include protection of rivers. It is the first study of its kind in Pakistan and uses a combination of active sampling of floating waste at key sites in the Indus River system, passive sampling of waste dumped along the banks at those sites, consultations with key stakeholders in the sector, and a review of relevant policies, laws, and literature.

Plastics. --- Waste disposal in rivers, lakes, etc. --- Indus River Delta Region (Pakistan) --- Environmental conditions.

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Abstract: Achieving a high quality of waste plastic materials and recycling processes is a key challenge in closing the resource loops for plastics. This report reviews the status and trends for plastic waste flows and treatment in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden. Furthermore, it gives an overview of existing policy instruments and the main challenges for designing policy instruments for improved recycling of plastic waste in these Nordic countries. The report identifies potential market failures associated with closing the resource loops for plastics. It reviews the economics research literature on policy instrument design for achieving optimal recycling rates and makes policy recommendations from the Nordic perspective. Finally, it presents results from a survey on market conditions to managers in the recycling and plastic manufacturing industry in Sweden

Plastic scrap --- Plastics --- Recycling (Waste, etc.) --- Economic aspects --- Conversion of waste products --- Recovery of natural resources --- Recovery of waste materials --- Resource recovery --- Waste recycling --- Waste reuse --- Conservation of natural resources --- Refuse and refuse disposal --- Energy conservation --- Salvage (Waste, etc.) --- Waste products --- Plastic materials --- Plastic products --- Polymers --- Synthetic products --- Condensation products (Chemistry) --- Elastomers --- Plasticity --- Debris, Plastic --- Plastic debris --- Plastic trash --- Plastic waste --- Plastic wastes --- Scrap plastic --- Secondary plastics --- Trash, Plastic --- Waste plastic --- Scrap materials --- Recycling --- E-books